Karl Marx, Estranged Labor in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of Essay

Karl Marx, Estranged Labor in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (pdf) - Essay Example The workers were surprised to be given their last pay slip and were told that their contracts or workloads for LEX media are over. There was no prior notice, no just basis or any just explanation of the dismissal. Apparently, LEX media did this already in 2005 where more than 80 workers under News Division were also dismissed. The works rights to livelihood and job security were trivialized and ignored. It is true that labor produces for the rich wonderful things – but for the worker it produces privation. It produces palaces – but for the worker, hovels. It produces beauty – but for the worker, deformity. It replaces labor by machines, but it throws one section of the workers back into barbarous types of labor and it turns the other section into a Machine. It produces intelligence – but for the worker, stupidity, cretinism. Platinum is a vital metal utilized in most industries. South Africa is the worlds leading supplier of Platinum. A massive platinum mining operation exists in the country where over 80,000 African mining workers. The miners earn $400 a month and works in the harshest working conditions hazard pay and meager health benefits. Unionists are massacred, threatened, jailed or illegally dismissed. The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and size. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates. Sreymonm is a 23 year old factory worker in Cambodia. Her daily shift starts from 7 AM to 4 PM, six days a week. With regular over time, she is only paid 50 cents per hour or over $85 per month. Workers are the backbone of and industry as they help build wealth and abundance. Ironically, they are twice poorer than the wealth they bring (Larson, 2014). Filipino workers from the Pentagon Steel Company produce steel pipes, roofing, wiring,

Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Collection - Assignment Example In universities, however, some of the sources of pay hike for faculty members such as tuition fee that owe its management to external units that make it inaccessible. Nevertheless, worker unions are useful forums for airing the grievances of the laborers and campaign for wage increases. Unions are also highly influential because their members reserve the right to strike in case their demands are unmet. As a consequence, being in a union raises the nominal wage of its member. Wage is dependent on education and the demand for skills. There is the existence of perceptions that unions have the capacity to condense wage differentials if the union is influential enough. Blau and Kahn (2006) argue that, the labor unions in America have been effective in bargaining for their members’ salaries and allowances, making them higher than the nonunion members. An experimental research shows that those employees who have joined labor unions receive higher compensations relative to non union workers. There is, therefore, diminishing of unions in United Kingdom and United States. This explains the decreasing remunerations for the employees. Testing of such a hypothesis in US construction industry has, however, invalidated the thought (Blau and Kahn, 2006). Another study by Michigan panel study of income dynamics on the existence of the gender pay gap has produced similar results. Results from the research show that, the gap has been converging over the last few decades. The discrepancies in the pay gap can be eliminated by; upgrading of professional knowledge and de-unionization of employees. The widening of the wage gap can be explained by transformations in the labor market mode of selecting employees. Demand shift alterations and labor market biases contribute significantly to the wage gap (Blau and Kahn, 2006). Blau and Kahn (2006) have declared that, the probability of a woman and a man being union

The Absorption Costing Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing

The Absorption Costing Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing Allocating a fair and proper price to a product or service may be a tricky balancing act for a company. Many firms have an ongoing struggle with setting their pricing strategies. It is a well known fact that the success of any product or service relies straight on the ability to sell them which anon directly depends on the correct pricing strategy (Bosse, 2009). The pricing cannot be just randomly guessed by the company. There are several measures that ought to be considered while forming the pricing strategy. By implementing creative judgments and intensifying the awareness of consumer motivation, a company can seize the market. Pricing is not merely a marketing, financial or operational decision; instead it influences all aspects of the firm (Petersn, 2008). Preliminary Situation for Pricing Erner (2010) mentions two possible situations to consider for pricing: The first one declares that the product in question has several competitors who offer products with less differentiation. Hence a market price already exists. In this case customers will not purchase products with high market prices. Therefore the company does not have to conduct extensive research about the pricing strategy as they already have a guideline present. The second situation indicates that the market price does not exist. Herein the product does not have any direct competitors and no pricing standards are available. The company has to decide how to price its products or services. In such a position the company must emphasize more on market research, customer perception, costing, price testing etc. (Hilton, 2009). The Absorption Cost Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing For pricing decisions accounting information can be used especially if the firm is a leader in the market or a price-maker. As there is hardly time for analyzing demand and marginal cost for each product or service thoroughly, managers have to depend on a swift and unsophisticated method for determining prices. Therefore companies apply the Cost-Plus Pricing (CPP) method in which the total cost of the product or service adds a margin to ascertain the selling price (Hilton, 2009). However many companies are price-takers as they set their prices according to the market leaders and have to follow the market, adjusting their prices due to competition. Even in such cases understanding costs supports making managerial decisions e.g. which and how many products or services should be produced (Pietersz, n.g.). To give a considerable return on the stockholders investment the determined price in pricing standard products must cover all costs such as production, administrative, fixed and variab le sales cost (Erner, 2010). As this should not be the case the business will bear losses and may not even be extant. Comprehending the companys marketing strategy is required for applying cost information in pricing decisions (Collier, 2009). COST + MARK UP = SELLING PRICE (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003) Determine the Cost Coverage Before adding a desired profit margin the full costs  [1]  for each product or service has to be calculated (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003). Flowingly the company has to underline the cost coverage that can be done by the Absorption Cost Approach (ACA) or the Contribution Approach (CA) (Erner, 2010). In the pricing decision the unit cost of a completed product is a key measure. The so called Unit Product Cost (UPC) stipulates the value of goods inventory completed and the cost of sold goods (Tatum, n.g.). On the one side variable costing classes costs according to their behavior into variable or fixed. For determining the UPC variable costing only includes costs directly varied to production i.e. direct material and direct labor cost as also the variable manufacturing overhead. The fixed manufacturing overhead costs are dealt like period expenses i.e. expense them like selling and administration cost in the period in which they incur. Fixed costs are not regarded in variable UPC. On the other side absorption costing classes the costs according to their function either into manufacturing or non-manufacturing costs. For calculating the UPC by applying the ACA all manufacturing costs, variable or fixed, are included (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003). Contribution Approach In the CA the cost base consists of the variable expenses associated with a product. The mark-up used must include the fixed costs considering the desired profit per unit. The cost base must be kept free of any element of fixed costs facilitating the pricing in special situations (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005). In this paper the CA is not considered in detail. Absorption Cost Approach In the ACA the cost base is defined as the cost to manufacture a single unit. The selling and administration costs which are not included in the cost base are considered in the mark-up stage that is added on to the target selling price (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005). The ACA illustrates the pricing decision as deceitfully easy. It seems that a company only has to calculate its UPC, determine the profit level they want and set the price. It appears that a company can ignore demand and arrive at a price that will safely yield whatever profit it wants (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 760). The ACA depends on unit sales predictions and nor the UPC nor the mark-up can be determined without them. In this approach it is anticipated that customers need the predicted unit sales and are willing to pay any price the firm stipulates. But customers have a choice as they can either purchase from a competitor or decide not to buy the product at all if the price is set too high (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010). Determine Mark-up for Absorption Cost Approach A mark-up is the percentage added to cost for profit, whereas the margin is the percentage of the selling price that is represented by profit (Collier, 2009, p. 173). The ACA and CA both bury some cost elements in the mark-up. The mark up percentage has not only to cover the buried costs but also has to generate a satisfying return on assets employed (Erner, 2010). The mark-up over cost ought to be set according to the market conditions, but many firms rest their mark-up upon desired profit and cost (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010). The formula for determining the right mark-up percentage by applying the ACA is as follows (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 759): Mark-up % = (required RoI x investment) + selling and administrative expenses / (UPC x unit sales) Adjust Price to Market Conditions The final stage considers adjusting the prices pursuant to the market conditions. The CPP usually tends to ignore the relationship between the price and the volume to be produced which in turn can result in lower profits, insufficient demand etc. Thus the sales forecasts need to be met in order for the pricing to be reliable. The final selling price may be much higher than the figure received due to the mark-up stage as companies (can) ignore the competitive positioning, promotional strategy, product differentiation, packaging etc. (Erner, 2010). Practical Example To illustrate an example  [2]  of CPP using ACA it is assumed that Company X just underwent some design modifications for their product Y and wants to set a selling price accordingly. The cost estimates are as follows: The first step in ACA is to calculate the UPC which is illustrated in the following calculation. Here it adds up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 23.50 per unit as a volume of 10 000 units is assumed for Company X: Several companies set their profit on costs and desired profits. This can be illustrated by using the given formula for mark-up percentage for ACA (see 2.2 Determine Mark-up). To illustrate how the formula is applied, assume Company X invests à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 100 000 in operating assets like e.g. equipment to produce and market 10 000 units of the product each year. Further suppose Company X needs 20% RoI. So the mark-up calculations are as follows: Mark-up % = (20% x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 100 000) + (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 per unit x 10 000 units + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 60 000) / (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 23.50 per unit x 10 000 units) Æ’Â   42.55% The Mark-up of 42.55% resulted to a Target Selling Price of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 33.50. Only if Company X really sells its 10 000 units at this price the products ROI will be 20%. Logically the ROI will decline if fewer products are sold. The betoken volume of sales is achieved only when the required ROI will be reached.

Mr. :: essays research papers

When in November 1945 John H. Johnson, a 27-year-old Black businessman with a vision and an abiding faith in himself, launched Ebony magazine, his timing couldn't have been more perfect. World War II had just come to an end and thousands of Black GIs who had helped "make the world safe for democracy" were returning to civilian life, ready to challenge racial discrimination at home. "Ebony," says Publisher Johnson, "was founded to project al dimension of the Black personality in a world saturated with stereotypes. We wanted to give Blacks a new sense of somebodiness, a new sense of self-respect. We wanted to tell them who they were and what they could do. We believed then--and we believe now--that Blacks needed positive images to fulfill their potentialities." Thanks to that winning formula, Ebony, whose name was the brainchild of the publisher's wife, Eunice W. Johnson, immediately captured the No. 1 spot as the most widely circulated and most popular Black magazine, a position it has been able to maintain for 50 consecutive years. In keeping with its mission, Ebony began chipping away at old stereotypes and replacing them with positive Black images by highlighting the achievements of Black men and women that had heretofore been ignored by the general press. So systematic had been the exclusion of Blacks from the White-controlled media that many people, including--sadly enough--a fair number of Blacks, had serious doubts about Blacks' ability to perform as well as their White counterparts. Ebony helped change all that. With articles and dramatic photos, the new publication showed bow undaunted Black individuals were able to triumph over poverty and racial barriers and succeed in building viable careers in education, business, sports, the military, entertainment and the arts. While monitoring the ongoing saga of Black progress, the magazine also put its resources to work to show its readers that Blacks had a history to be proud of and that even during slavery, there were Black men and women whose heroic deeds he lped in the freedom struggle and paved the way for future generations of Blacks. As the Freedom Movement gained momentum in the late `50s and early `60s, Ebony became the mirror of the struggle of rights activists, both North and South, to desegregate rail and bus transportation, lunch counters, public schools, hotels and motels, the armed forces and housing. Frequently at the risk of their own safety, Ebony writers and photographers braved the menacing presence of racist sheriffs in order to bring readers firsthand accounts of the valiant battle for racial equality waged by Blacks in a recalcitrant South.

Procurement plan Essay

Procurement plan The procurement plan for the NHS hospital development may be undertaken through the following steps and processes: 1. Procurement guidelines: a) Goods and services shall be procured under and in accordance with NHS guidelines and provisions outlining the functioning and operation of such procedures. b) Outsourced services, consultants, off-branch goods and services are to be procured in accordance with the requisite NHS guidelines and project specifications. c) Standard bidding documents/ Proposals/ bidding paper etc will all be finalized as per NHS guidelines and will adhere strictly to NHS quality and safety requirements (Fewings 2010) 2. Selection of goods and services: The current project is one of re-development and upgrading the current capabilities of the Southmead hospital project. In keeping with that goal there are certain target areas that have been determined as priority areas these can be enumerated as: a) Infrastructure: The re-developed institute is one that is seeking to combine the two institutions of Southmead and Frenchday into one overarching institution for providing the best quality healthcare to the people of that particular county. b) Services: In addition to traditional healthcare services the facility will also host a significant parking facility, concourse, catering facilities and a variety of similar commercial interests that will fill the seven story structure. The facility will also feature a helipad that poses its own unique problems in terms of special infrastructural needs and requirements. C) Accessibility and environmental compatibility: One of the main issues facing the institution prior to the redevelopment of the institution was one of accessibility i.e. the acute and non-acute service centers where spread over the various sites reducing accessibility for the clients and patients, thus reducing effective service time and severely affecting patient care. Another issue that was identified as a core  issue was that of the environmental integrity of the institution, specifically in regards to energy wastage and infection containment. The existing infrastructure was one of wasteful energy leakages and un-contained infection that resulted in the spread of hospital diseases and led to severely compromised patient care and health infrastructure. Consideration of all the above variables and factors needs to be taken into consideration while considering the infrastructural needs of the institution. 3) Goods and services: In terms of goods the following generic categories of products need to be stocked up on surplus levels of inventory: Sanitary products Dressing Equipment Laboratory consumables Emergency consumables Disposable syringes Saline solution Theater equipment (Gloves, scrubs, gowns, masks etc) Generic medication (Antibiotics, coagulants, local anesthetic etc ) The above detailed equipment is one that is used in copious amounts and regularly in all major health institutions and healthcare providers need to be well stocked on the above goods and the like. There are certain other kinds of good which form the median range of products to be kept in stock, to be stored at optimum levels: Bed-sheets and related supplies (pillows, blankets etc) General anesthetic and specialty medicinal supplies (insulin, adrenalin etc) Housekeeping supplies (bed pans, cafeteria supplies etc) In keeping with the same classification of goods, there is a third level of classification of products and goods that a healthcare institute requires that may be classified as critical products such as: Specialty equipment (Physiotherapy, patient recovery etc) Specialty medicine (Epinephrine, methamphetamine etc) The above equipment (especially drugs ) are to be kept on a strictly controlled basis and require to be carefully monitored and controlled, thus  these are kept at levels that are closely calculated on a need of use basis. D) Services: From time to time the institution may require specialty services in order to aid in its smooth functioning and operation. The different services required may be classified as below: Healthcare services: These include services related to the medical nature of the healthcare institution, most commonly related to consultative services and operational guidance in the forms of outside medical consultants for specialized medical care for patients in case of ailments that are not routinely treated at the center; secondary healthcare services such as those relating to early infant care and patient outgoing also fall under this category. Non-Healthcare services: These include services related to the commercial aspect of the institution, for example: independent contractors to handle the catering aspect of the institution, or construction consultants to aid in the different infrastructural needs and requirements of the institution. For example: contractors and outsourced services to handle the IT infrastructure of the institution and other secondary and tertiary aspects associated with the facility. 3) Procurement methods: In keeping with the classification of the different procurement requirements of the institution as outlined above, there can be different procurement methods adapted to each category of product: Category A products: These include products that are consumed in large bulk in the daily operation of the institution such as; sanitary products, dressing equipment, etc. As these are required to be replenished in continuous cyclical repetition the best procurement method for these kinds of products would be to request competitive quotations from interested parties and entering into long term contractual obligations with the selected parties in order to ensure continuous supply of the said products, bulk buying is required and contractual terms and conditions may be changed to reflect the cost benefit  acquired due to the economies of scale achieved through bulk buying. Category B products: These include products that are used on a somewhat daily basis, products that may be reused and put into the operational cycle over a medium period of time such as: bed sheets, pillows, cutlery etc. A similar procedure as for category A products may be used for these kinds of products except the period of contract for such products should be short to medium-term periods of time i.e. 1-2 years to provide for changing market conditions and to accommodate favorable, more cost effective offers from different vendors. Category C products: These generally include highly restricted and seldom used products, mostly in use for highly specialized medical procedures, such as: radioactive isotopes, scheduled drugs, restricted materials etc. These kinds of products are kept under strict control by the medical advisory bodies and are used only in cases of strict and extreme medical necessity. The procurement method for these kinds of products should be as per use and consists of a strictly formalized approach to the governing and regulatory bodies. Generally use of such products comes with strict guidelines and benchmarks that determine the level of competence of the institution to handle such materials, special care should be taken to ensure strict and absolute adherence to such standards and guidelines before initiating the procurement method for said substances. Services: Non-medical services: These kinds of services are procured by the fixed and sealed tender method wherein fixed tenders are invited from interested parties and the lowest bidder wins the contract for providing the said services to the institution. Medical services: This category of services is available only from a limited pool of resources and as such traditional methods of procurement give way to new, innovative forms of contracts and agreements such as having a visiting specialist, or having a ‘guest specialist’ who visits the institution regularly or on  demand whenever a situation arises requiring the specialists unique skill sets. Procurement issues: Post-tender negotiations: There are several situations wherein changing market conditions and various environmental variables necessitate the re-negotiation of contracts after the finalization of tenders. One such example may be in the drop in the prices of raw materials required; change in the immigration policy may flood the market with more affordable labor creating the requirement for new terms of contract with longstanding contract partners. However NHS does not permit post tender negotiations. (NHS, Barnet, 2009:37). This creates significant levels of problems in negotiating contract details after the issuance of tenders (Morris et al., 2007). Fund Management: Typically there are several differences in how the funds allotted to a particular project are managed in respect of public and private interests, for instances privately managed projects have more flexibility in regards to funds allocation and consumption and are subject to less paperwork, therefore are consequently subject to greater independence. However, being a public project, it would require better and more efficient management of public funds. This translates into tighter controls, apprehension in fund allocations, delayed fund usage and general financial disarray. This is a very real, very serious issue facing most all government institutions and not necessarily limited to just the NHS. Environmental issues: In recent years renewed attention has been paid to environmental concerns emanating from organizational operations. Medical institutions have traditionally been highly inefficient in terms of energy usage and According to a research conducted by Torbay NHS Care Trust, (2010, p. 10), 60 of the total carbon footprint of NHS originates from the procured goods and services. Implementing IT infrastructure: The business model for a lot of the modern healthcare facilities has integrated the need for a comprehensive IT support framework that supports the operational activities of the organization. Ensuring compatibility with modern standards of IT infrastructure and implementing modern IT concepts like e-commerce etc in the procurement plan is a major challenge for the managers. Procurement strategy: Core strategic priorities: To establish a process of sourcing contracts and frameworks to ensure the delivery of best value. To implement and fully utilize efficient on†line procurement systems and processes that move away from a paper based system and reduce the transaction effort within the Trust. To implement a set of standard policies and processes to ensure that all staff understand and comply with the mechanisms for purchasing goods and services. To implement a range of management information systems that allow for the results of current procurement patterns to be analyzed to ensure that best value is secured. To develop a materials management structure to allow efficient and effective delivery and stockholding. Establishment of accurate assessment centers catering directly to the diagnostic needs of patients from various medical need backgrounds. Aesthetic and functional design of the hospital interiors, compensating for the needs of special requirement patients involving senior citizens as well as early childhood care. Combination of easy access as well as synergistic design based construction that combines the best of functionality, environmental friendliness and ease of use. Strategic principles: The strategic principles on which the procurement strategy will be based can be enumerated as follows: Strive for continuous improvement in quality, price and processes by researching and developing a detailed understanding of potential products and services. Encourage environmentally advantageous products and services by, where appropriate, working with providers to minimize the environmental and social impacts associated with products and services. Strategic Model: The strategic model which will ensure the application of the strategy formed is described as follows: 1) Control: Performance: The various parameters of healthcare deliverables, measurable service outputs, and performance indicators etc will be used to measure performance efficiency and effectiveness. Governance: Formulating executive level strategies and policies to guide the procurement process and strategy. Risk: Acceptable parameters of different procurement components such as inventory levels, service delivery time, turnaround time etc. 2) Process: Sourcing: The activity of determining and defining business demand and the subsequent engagement with the supply market to acquire or fulfill that demand in the most cost effective way for the hospital is to be determined and executed by a central procurement department. Financial management: The allocation, budgeting and consumption of funds is to be managed in accordance with NHS guidelines and undertaken by the executive level governing body overseeing said functions of the hospital. Data Management: The use of above mentioned IT infrastructure to enable efficient data forecasts and effective material management. References: Bower, Denise 2003, ‘Management of procurement’ Pearson Publishing Fleming, Quentin 2003, ‘Project procurement management’ SUNY press Zaman, Nadeem 2011, ‘Procurement Management Process’ Toronto Press Sherman, Stanley 1985, ‘Government Procurement Management’ Penguin Publishing England, Wilbur 2009, ‘Modern procurement management’ Harvard Press Ukalkar, Sanjay 2000, ‘Strategic Procurement Management’ Abrahms Publishing Nelson, Clarence 2001, ‘IT use in Procurement Managament’ SUNY press

Lab Report: Environmental Control of Sex Determination Essay

Introduction Ceratopteris richardii, known as a C-fern has a lifecycle referred to as alteration of generations, which consist of neither haploid nor diploid dominant. C-ferns are homospours plants which are important in that they can produce hermaphrioditic gametophytes in order to be able to self fertilize. However, some of the homospourous C-ferns only produce male gametophytes .The life cycle of Ceratopteris richardii starts as a diploid sporophyte which then, by meiosis, produces haploid spores. These spores then undergo mitosis to produce a haploid gametophyte, which can be either hermaphrodite( producing eggs and sperm), or a male gametophyte (producing only sperm). Gametophytes then produce gametes by mitosis. The hermaphrodite gametophyte will produce both eggs and sperm,while, the male gametophyte will produce strictly sperm. The gametes from the hermaphrodite gametophyte fertilize one another producing a diploid zygote which grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte ready to start the cycle again (Lab Manual). Chromosomal sex determination is determined by the inheritance of sex chromosomes, while, environmental sex determination is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and parasite invasion(Lab Manual). Humans use the system of chromosomal sex determination by combining their X and Y chromosomes to produce a zygote determining the sexual phenotype in humans. Alligators use environmental sex determination when incubating their eggs.Temperature influences the sex of the offspring meaning; warmer incubating temperatures produce male development while cooler temperatures produce female development (Lab Manual). Our hypothesis for the Ceratopteris richardii was that gametophyte population density influences sex determination. Our first prediction was that the percentage of male gametophytes would increase as the population density of the gametophytes increased. Our second prediction was that the percentage of male gametophytes would decrease as the population density of the gametophytes increased. Results The graph of our results showed the percentage of male gametophytes increasing and then leveling off (Figure 1). This was our trend because most of the points followed this pattern, however; there was a potential outlier at point (68, 32.3). The distribution of gametophytes on the culture plates varied. Plates A and F had even distribution but were very crowed with gametophytes, while plates D and C were evenly distributed but had less gametophytes. Plate E had clumping of gametophytes in the top left corner and plate B had clumping the the bottom right corner. Figure 1. The relationship between the population density and the percentage of male gametophytes. Discussion The prediction that the percentage of male gametophytes would increase as the population density of the gametophytes increased, and the prediction that the percentage of male gametophytes would decrease as the population density of the gametophytes increased were not supported by our results. When the population density was low, the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively low because there would not be enough eggs to fertilize the sperm produced from both the hermaphrodite,and the sperm produced by the male gametophyte. When the population density was high, the percentage of male gametophytes was higher but still less than fifty percent because of the same reasons.The data from our results did support our hypothesis that the gametophyte population influences sex determination in the C-fern because, the higher the population density, the more level the percentage of male gametophytes became. The reason for this leveling out at the top of the graph was due to; if the percentage of male gametophytes kept increasing linearly, then there would be too many male gametophytes and not enough eggs being produced from the hermaphrodite gametophytes to be fertilized causing an unbalanced population. The outlier pertained to this because the population density was so high but the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively close to the other points supporting that male gametophyte production does not increase as population density increases. Even thought the population density was so high, the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively the same as the other points because the hermaphrodite gametophytes were trying to increase in number so that they could produce enough eggs to be able to self fertilize and reproduce with the male gametophytes, causing a leveling off in the graph. C-Ferns might have evolved this system of sex determination for many reasons. Being a hermaphrodite allows them to self fertilize, so by having this ability,C-ferns can produce eggs when there is sperm, so they always have the ability to reproduce. Unlike hermaphrodites, having separate sexes does not always guarantee you a parter so there is not guarantee in reproduction. Cross fertilization and self fertilization are important when discussing variation. Cross fertilization allows for different genetic material to be combined causing variation. Variation allows natural selection to act on and therefore, plants that are better adapted to the environment survive. Self Fertilization allows plants that have the adapted survival gene to self fertilize, producing less variation but more of sustainable plant. This relates to the offspring produced by hermaphrodites because they mostly self fertilize so they are producing more of themselves but less variation. The offspring produced by separate sexes produces more variation but stands less of a chance against natural selection because the hermaphrodites are reproducing well adapted offspring while the separate sexes are producing a new combination of genetics. A Labratory Manual for BIO 114. 2011. Environmental Control of Sex Determination, pp.163-166. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. ———————–

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions There are many topics, which stir interest of the public and can rise hot discussions not depending where it takes place: in a class, among friends or during presidential debates. One of them is whether abortion is legal, so many professors decide to assign an argumentative essay on this complex subject. Some people think that abortion may be called a murder and it should be prohibited by all the authorities. On the other hand, some supporters believe that parents have a right to decide until the baby is born. That is why such a debatable issue is a perfect topic for a discussion. You may think that discussing such topics may be an impossible task but let us assure you that knowing all the aspects and tips it is quite achievable! How to start an essay on abortion One of the biggest challenges you have, when writing an argumentative essay is that you need to put aside all your emotions and concentrate on the facts. Of course, you may have your personal opinion on abortions but before starting an essay, you need to leave aside emotions and prejudice to give objective information on the matter. At first, you may find it very difficult to follow the facts, when sticking to your personal beliefs. But with time and practice, it will be easier for you to put aside all the emotions and stay true to the formality and facts. All the arguments in your essay should be backed with credible information, philosophical support and academic argumentations. That is why you should always start with a research on the topic. How a perfect research looks like The biggest challenge of making a research is that you will have to face information, which may be not as credible as you wished. In most of the times, looking for such data online, you will find websites with false data and it will only do you harm. That is why, if you want to complete a thoughtful argumentative essay on abortion, you need to use only credible sources and materials, which you find in various books, philosophical papers and scientific researches. How to complete ‘pros and cons’ essays The style and the structure of your paper may greatly depend on whether you want to support pro-life or pro-choice beliefs, so first you need to make sure which side you are going to highlight. Here are the main things you need to consider: Make sure the reader understands what side you are one. It doesn’t mean that you need to provide your personal opinion on the matter but it is important to concentrate on a certain side of the topic, even if you choose to take the middle road; Always research the reasons of both sides to make sure you clearly understand the subject. For example, those, who stand on a pro-life position, claim that a fetus of only ten weeks old already has arms, legs and looks like a human being. On contrary, pro-choice activists discuss whether a fetus can be called a person; When you complete a research paper on abortion, always study the arguments of the opposition, as you will be able to fight back and prepare facts to support your point of views; When completing an argumentative essay on abortion or any other controversial topic, always rely on facts and complete a thorough research, providing all the details in a scientific and objective way. Following this rule will help you to avoid misunderstanding and obtain high grades. Hopefully, these simple rules will help you to write an essay on abortion and avoid all the difficulties any argumentative essay may bring.

LEO Essays - Law Enforcement, Weapons, Police Weapons, Free Essays

LEO Essays - Law Enforcement, Weapons, Police Weapons, Free Essays Less lethal weapons in modern Law Enforcement For decades, the only weapons law enforcement had at its disposal were lethal weapons and physical force using a wooden night stick or baton. New less harmful or less lethal weapons were needed due to the ever increasing violence in our communities and the demand for better crime control, especially after the widespread scrutiny of law enforcement after highly publicized use of force incidents such as the arrest of Rodney King in Los Angeles. Less lethal weapons are defined as weapons that are intended to incapacitate a subject without causing permanent injuries or death while also inflicting minimal damage on surrounding environments. They are often also known as non-lethal weapons, but this is a false generalization as no weapon can be completely non-lethal even when used properly and cautiously.Any use of force by law enforcement can inherently involve a risk of death.The use of less lethal weapons can have physical and mental effects on the individual being subjected to them. The re are numerous factors concerning the environment and the subject when choosing the type of less lethal weapon to deploy. Less lethal weapons use in law enforcement is vital as they frequently are utilized with subjects who have not yet committed a crime, mentally unstable subjects, or those under the influence of an intoxicant. Officers must balance their use with what is accepted as reasonable force to avoid violating a subjects civil rights while, at the same time, satisfying the public that the least amount of force necessary was used. Many subjects use the judicial process to challenge the use of less lethal weapons. Some of the different categories of less lethal weapons available to law enforcement include: specialty impact munitions, distraction devices, chemical munitions, and conducted energy devices. Specialty impact munitions are well known in many forms including bean bags, pepper balls, or batons. The use of specialty impact munitions are intended to cause pain and sometimes sufficient blunt trauma to incapacitate a subject. Low energy specialty impact munitions are used for pain compliance, while high energy specialty impact munitions are used for incapacitation. Some degree of injury is expected to occur as it is necessary to achieve compliance or a momentary degree of incapacitation. The intent with specialty impact munitions is to minimize the amount of injury that is painful. In most instances, bruising is the only injury, however the possibility for further injuries can and have occured. Distraction devices are used to gain control to all physical and mental senses. Common distraction devices include teargas and flashbangs. Tear gas uses a combination of human safe chemicals to put the subject in an extremely uncomfortable environment. This encourages subjects it is used on to leave the area to a better suited area. Flashbangs use a bright flash compound that can temporarily hinder eyesight on subjects. Flashbangs also use gunpowder to emit a loud concussion that hinders hearing as well. This also puts the subject in a state of discomfort and encourages them to leave the area. In rare cases. A hot flash is a grenade type weapon that like teargas. Emits a gas that is human safe to discomfort the subject it is used on. However instead of a chemical reaction. These grenades use heat as the primary source of discomfort. The heat will last for usually around 50 milliseconds and causes the subjects to flee the area. One main cause is that breathing in such conditions is ha rder. However breathing is not impossible. Conducted Energy Devices are those that gain compliance by affecting the muscular system of the body. Common forms of this are tasers. Tasers utilize pulsing electric shocks to the body at roughly 5,000 volts to stun the muscular system. Although 5,000 seems to be overkill. 5,000 is nowhere near enough to cause serious harm on its own. The pulsing electricity causes the muscles in your body to seize and thus hindering anyone from fighting or attempting to leave. Compliance weapons have changed dramatically since the first implementation of batons in the 1950s. With new and innovative ways to either deescalate situations or subdue subjects.

Beats Marketing

Read this college essay and over others like it now, http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Something-From-Nothing- The-Art-Of-1707686. HTML Something from Nothing the Art of Rap Essay898 Words Read this term paper and over 1,500,000 others like it now. Http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Beats- Marketing-63403078_HTML Beats Marketing Essay616 Words Since soccer is the most popular sport in Brazil, this campaign by Beats is a well-planned technique to raise brand awareness in the Brazilian nation.In addition, having Braziers most popular athlete wearing the merchandise is another successful step in reaching out to Brazilian consumers. One way this campaign may not be successful is the economic situation in Brazil. In August 2014, BBC reported that Braziers economy has fallen into a recession. Beats products are known for being high-priced, with most of them costing around $200. With many Brazilian struggling during the recession, Beats may have robbers selling their luxurious brand in the country. One way Beats can increase the success of their campaign to target Brazilian would be to demonstrate a more economical product. For instance, Beats can make a new commercial with the Brazilian soccer star Anymore wearing the Beats ear-buds product, which are about half the price of the Beats Studio product that he was wearing in the original commercial. The lower price may appeal better to the consumers of that country.

Week 2 posts 6340 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 posts 6340 - Assignment Example ver wonder who exactly the target audience is since you have mentioned the employees of McDonalds and also the customers and hence am a bit confused, please clarify about the target group and especially those that will be having free check-up of their blood pressure (Dougherty, 2011). Volunteering is not an easy task and especially when it has to do with teaching patients due to the differences in educational backgrounds and hence what you are doing is really honorable and I encourage you to continue and even recruit other nursing students to follow in that good cause (Scheetz, 2000). I also admire the electronic medical recording as I know how efficient it is and makes easier the work of especially nurses. Cancer is a killer disease and any helping hand extending towards furthering research about it and especially by a profession is highly appreciable. The participation by leadership is truly admirable cause. Kudos and continue with the same spirit to raise more funds not only for cancer but also other killer diseases as well which need more research (Pape, 2000). American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (1999). Defining scholarship for the discipline of nursing. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved January 16, 2013, from: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship Pape, T. (2000). â€Å"Boyers model of scholarly nursing applied to professional development. Association of Operating Room Nurses.† AORN Journal, 71(5), 995-9, 1001-3. Retrieved from

Marketing transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Marketing transportation - Essay Example A different political limit includes embargoes, or the ban of goods amid specific countries. Government plays an imperative role in restriction of cross border trade so as to promote their own goods. The government can involve itself with constructing marketable vessels and engaging in trade related activities so as to promote their own commercial fleet. The regime also supports their individual carriers through the implementation of cargo preference regulations. This needs the approval of the government to enable the careers to move freely in their countries. In the past, various global airlines were governmental owned with the state dictating their operations. The past 25 years have seen some government sponsored carriers being privatized. British Airways was owned by the government in 1980s (Czinkota, Ilkka and Marta). Logistics performance guide is an index to measure a country performance using six logical aspects. It was started as a way of recognizing the significance of logistics in international trade. The six aspects of logistics covered in the regulations include making the clearance process efficient by enhancing speed, procedures and inevitability. The use of border agencies and customs ease the process. It deals with improvement of the quality of trade and infrastructure such as the transport system. Performance index helps in simplicity of arrangement of competitively priced shipments, proficiency and value of logistics. This includes transportation operators and custom agencies. The performance index encourages the ability of the custom body in tracking and tracing goods. Ships are more efficient in that they are expected to follow a strict timetable and schedule so as to reach the predictable destination on

Strategic Assets Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Assets - Case Study Example According to Rupert Murdoch News Corporation are blessed with many things: dedicated employees; a consistent vision; compelling products and services; loyal customers throughout the world; and boundless opportunity as the global thirst for entertainment and news explodes. It is true there are all kinds f opportunities for News Corporation. However in the unstable world environment we probably will experience economic downturn for a period f time. I would say that there are risk and threats in every aspect. The news media is very sensitive to most countries in the world. It is even worse in this moment when America is attacking Afghanistan. The economy is suffering a downturn as a whole. Technology is growing very fast. The cross-border globalization f communication still remains a difficult issue for news companies. Local government plays n very important role in the industry. Country like China they control news media tightly and there are heaps f regulations and restriction in the country. Never before has this industry seen such turmoil both in terms f changes in technology and challenges posed us and our competitors by regulatory authorities around the world. Global competition is becoming more and more intense. There are high development costs for news companies. The industry is in a mature stage f PLC. News companies are fighting hard to maintain market share. It is time to emphasis efficiency and low cost. As for the five forces, it is difficult for new entrants to come. However the buyers have stronger bargaining power as they have more choice and better knowledge about the industry. There are no specific substitutes for News Coporation as they cover almost all aspects f news media. The competitive rivalry is very strong in the news industry. The News Corporation has a vast range f products like * filmed entertainment; * television; * cable network programming; * magazines and inserts; * newspapers; and * book publishing. The principal activities f associated entities include: * satellite, television and cable broadcasting; * newspaper publishing; and * print and electronic television guidance applications. It covers all over the world and products serves every segment f market. It is said to be the most integrated news company at the moment. The Resource. News Corporation had total assets as f June 30, 2001 f approximately US$43 billion and total annual revenues f approximately US$14 billion. News Corporation's diversified global operations in the United States, Canada, continental Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, Latin America and the Pacific Basin include the production f motion pictures and television programming; television, satellite and cable broadcasting; the publication f newspapers, magazines and books; the production and distribution f promotional and advertising products and services; the development f digital broadcasting; the development f conditional access and subscriber management systems, and

Mission and Personal Values in Building a Career Research Paper

Mission and Personal Values in Building a Career - Research Paper Example Developing a personal career vision statement is never easy. However, it is a must for any individual to formulate or develop his/her own because without this, an individual is just driving aimlessly and without any final destination. This career vision statement will then serve as a guide and motivation to what future he/she wants to achieve and fulfil (Green, 1999). Actually, there are several ways or steps to create a vision statement and it’s up to an individual which one he/she wants to model his/her own statement framework. Because what really matters is that this statement could able to give career and life purpose; set a clear expression of future career; and it provides focus and direction as well as inspiration and motivation (Jones, 1998). According to Cranford (2011), a certified Career Coach, he proposed four basic steps or procedures in creating/formulating/ developing a career vision statement. And these include the following: step ahead, look away, see the step s forward, and put it on paper. Creating a vision is not easy, and it takes a lot of effort and time. It cannot be done or accomplished overnight. Hence, one must take time to reflect and envision what he/she really want to be or to attain and fulfil in the future. And this can be made possible if he/she will provide enough time for himself/herself to think, internalize and understand his/her inner self in order to identify and know his /her own strengths, weaknesses and personalities, which will determine the career he/she wanted to pursue.  

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example In fact seasonal interruption are routine and regular and even after such interruptions business continue in normal course and thus entities pursuing seasonal business may be called going concern despite periodic seasonal interruption In this write up the issues relating auditors’ responsibility to assess the substantial doubt arising out of normal auditing procedures is considered in order to produce independent and effective reporting to the stakeholders. The assumption under the concept of going concern is continuity in normal course and such â€Å"continuity of entity operations is usually assumed in financial accounting in the absence to contrary† (Michael J Ramos, page 285)ii Auditors assess the going concern concept whenever substantial doubt is created while following regular and normal audit procedures.†If there are no doubt neither directors nor auditor need refer specifically to going concern in the financial statements or audit report. However, the Combines Code states that directors should report that the business is a going concern with supporting assumptions and qualifications as necessary. â€Å"(Lain Gray and Stuart Manson, page 674)iii Going concern concept assumes an atmosphere of normalcy. Under the going concern concept â€Å"the enterprise will continue in operational existence for a foreseeable future.† (Nexia International, page 137)ivWhenever auditors have substantial doubts about the going concern concept it underlies that financial statements have not been prepared under normal circumstances. This is because â€Å"the going concern concept is unlikely to be compatible with the intention or necessity to enter into a scheme of rearrangement with the company’s creditors, or make an application for an administrative order, or place the company in administrative receivership or liquidation.†(Saleem Sheikh and William Rees, page 349)v In other words results or status shown by

The era of the plutocrats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The era of the plutocrats - Essay Example He was not merely a financier and a banker but a philanthropist and an art collector. He gained his education in both US and Germany. He was trained as an accountant at Sherman and Company and in 1867, was transferred to his father's banking company Drexel, Morgan and Company where he became a partner in 10 years. In 1895, the company was renamed as J. P. Morgan and became a world renowned banking house. He was responsible for arranging the merger between Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houson Electric Company. The new company formed, General Electric came on to become the main electrical equipment manufacturing company in the country. He financed Federal Steel Company and merged it with Carnegie Steel Company which came on to become United States Steel Corporation. With the help of his network in London, he was able to attract British investment for growing industrial corporations in the U.S. as he played a major role in attaining capital for companies. He became a member of th e board of directors of many of these companies, most of which were rail road companies. This meant that by 1902, Morgan had control over 8,000 km of railroads in America. To gain control over major corporations, he concentrated his efforts on acquiring control of several banks and insurance companies. He was at times criticized for his hunger for power and his urge for gaining control (Simkin, JP Morgan) Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25th, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland to a handloom weaver. The Carnegie family had to immigrate to the United States in 1848 because of the economic depression. In America, Andrew began to work at the age of 12 at a local cotton factory while pursuing his education by attending night school. At 14, Andrew Carnegie took the job of messenger boy where his talent was duly noticed by the superintendent of the western division of the company, Thomas A. Scott. When during the Civil War Scott was made secretary, he took Carnegie along with him to Washi ngton to work as his right-hand man. Organizing the military telegraph system was part of Carnegie’s job. On becoming superintendent, Carnegie wisely invested in many promising ventures, one of which was Woodruff Sleeping Car Company and many other small iron mills and factories, the most important of which was the company which he owned a one-fifth share in: Keystone Bridge. Some of the major milestones he achieved include the opening of his steel furnace at Braddock, writing a series of books and articles through which he voiced his opinions that the rich should help the poor and a man that dies rich is disgraced. He also set up a fund which finances 3,000 public libraries (380 in Britain), the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. By the time of his death, he had donated $350,000,000 (Simkin, Andrew Carnegie). Born in New York in 1839, John Davidson Rockefeller at the young age of 16 became a cler k in a commission house. He wanted to work for himself and in 1850 by saving every penny he earned, he with an Englishman, Maurice Clark, opened his own company, Clark & Rockefeller Produce and Commission which sold farm implements, fertilizers and household goods. He sold his successful business for the more lucrative business of refining crude oil and started a company called Standard Oil. He was able to minimize costs by setting up an exclusive deal

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example In fact seasonal interruption are routine and regular and even after such interruptions business continue in normal course and thus entities pursuing seasonal business may be called going concern despite periodic seasonal interruption In this write up the issues relating auditors’ responsibility to assess the substantial doubt arising out of normal auditing procedures is considered in order to produce independent and effective reporting to the stakeholders. The assumption under the concept of going concern is continuity in normal course and such â€Å"continuity of entity operations is usually assumed in financial accounting in the absence to contrary† (Michael J Ramos, page 285)ii Auditors assess the going concern concept whenever substantial doubt is created while following regular and normal audit procedures.†If there are no doubt neither directors nor auditor need refer specifically to going concern in the financial statements or audit report. However, the Combines Code states that directors should report that the business is a going concern with supporting assumptions and qualifications as necessary. â€Å"(Lain Gray and Stuart Manson, page 674)iii Going concern concept assumes an atmosphere of normalcy. Under the going concern concept â€Å"the enterprise will continue in operational existence for a foreseeable future.† (Nexia International, page 137)ivWhenever auditors have substantial doubts about the going concern concept it underlies that financial statements have not been prepared under normal circumstances. This is because â€Å"the going concern concept is unlikely to be compatible with the intention or necessity to enter into a scheme of rearrangement with the company’s creditors, or make an application for an administrative order, or place the company in administrative receivership or liquidation.†(Saleem Sheikh and William Rees, page 349)v In other words results or status shown by

The Feminist Sociological Perspective in Germinal Essay Example for Free

The Feminist Sociological Perspective in Germinal Essay The feminist analysis has made a major contribution to social theory, making sociologist aware of issues that were previously ignored. Many aspects of what were considered to be â€Å"private life,† associated with male/female relations in household, family, and other social relationships have been transformed. Many parts of society have experienced changes as a result of increased involvement of women in public life. In the 19th century, women were viewed differently than they are now, and those differences play a major part in the roles women played in the literature of their time. Germinal is a novel about the birth of political ideas and social movement in a society. In Zola’s Germinal, women fit into two different major categories. The maternal role of motherly conduct, and women striving for equality amongst the men, The maternal role is the most important role. The mothers in Germinal are very consistent people, and the constants in the society holding the people together. The most obvious mother role is that of La Maheude. She is a typical example of many of the traits of common maternal influence, and she gives the readers an idea into an average family of colliers in late nineteenth century France. â€Å"It wasnt something you thought about, a child just came along, naturally. And when it was grown, it brought in some money and generally kept things going. In their house for example, they could have managed if it werent for Grandpa, who was getting all stiff and for the fact that out of the whole bunch of them only her eldest daughter and two of her sons were yet old enough to work down the mine. (Page 94) When the children are young, it is the duty of the mother and her influence during such an easily influenced stage to shape hard-working and trust-worthy breadwinners. As a mother, La Maheude has this important job in providing for her family by creating new sources of income, and by shaping the next generation into society. Many women in Germinal are taken advantage of when it comes to the influence of their male counterparts. Catherine and Chaval for instance have a relationship where the male believes women are lower than them in status. This aggressive attitude is a clear understanding in the first sexual advances of Chaval to Catherine with his sexual advances. Though Catherine is young, and far from ready for a relationship she is forced into a very intense relationship with Chaval. Her inability to resist such advances from a male shows her true weakness in life. Though the women who work in the mines are supposed to be the representation of the strongest women in the story, in reality Zola has given them fallout in their inability to resist their superiors in the males. At La Mouquettes they were short of bread too: this was her dinner, and she had insisted on wrapping it in a cloth for him, kissing him passionately as she did so(Page 266). La Mouquette is a character that sleeps around for enjoyment instead of personal gain. When the colliers are at their worst, she even offers food to her present love interest in Etienne. This gives her a perspective that is unique, besides the history of her family as it differed from the miners. She adds emotion and charity to the novel. It may not always be recognized, but women have a very important role in society. In the novel Germinal, women are the caretakers of the house and they are the beat in the heart of all the children. They are inspirational women that inspire the children to become something in life. They are degraded in so many ways by the males in the novel; trading sex for food and abusive relationships. Many parts of society have experienced changes as a result of increased involvement of women in public life.

A Guide Into Business Intelligence Studies Information Technology Essay

A Guide Into Business Intelligence Studies Information Technology Essay Data Warehousing: Integration of data from multiple sources into large warehouses and support of on-line analytical processing and business decision making DW vs. Operational Databases Data Warehouse Subject Oriented Integrated Nonvolatile Time variant Ad hoc retrieval Operational Databases Application oriented Limited integration Continuously updated Current data values only Predictable retrieval Data Warehouse: a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of managements decision-making process. Data Mart A monothematic data warehouse Department- oriented or business line oriented Top-Down Approach Advantages A truly corporate effort, an enterprise view of data Inherently architected not a union of disparate data marts Single, central storage of data about the content Centralized rules and control May see quick results if implemented with iterations Disadvantages Takes longer to build even with an iterative method High exposure/risk to failure Needs high level of cross-functional skills High outlay without proof of concept Bottom-Up Approach Advantages Faster and easier implementation of manageable pieces Favorable return on investment and proof of concept Less risk of failure Inherently incremental; can schedule important data marts first Allows project team to learn and grow Disadvantages Each data mart has its own narrow view of data Permeates redundant data in every data mart Perpetuates inconsistent and irreconcilable data Proliferates unmanageable interfaces Data Staging Component Three major functions need to be performed for getting the data ready (ETL) extract the data transform the data and then load the data into the data warehouse storage Data Warehouse Subject-Oriented Data is stored by subjects Integrated Data Need to pull together all the relevant data from the various systems Data from internal operational systems Data from outside sources Time-Variant Data the stored data contains the current values The use needs data not only about the current purchase, but on the past purchases Nonvolatile Data Data from the operational systems are moved into the data warehouse at specific intervals Data Granularity Data granularity in a data warehouse refers to the level of detail The lower the level of detail, the finer the data granularity The lowest level of detail  ® a lot of data in the data warehouse Four steps in dimensional modeling Identify the process being modeled. Determine the grain at which facts will be stored. Choose the dimensions. Identify the numeric measures for the facts. Components of a star schema Fact tables contain factual or quantitative data 1:N relationship between dimension tables and fact tables Dimension tables contain descriptions about the subjects of the business Dimension tables are denormalized to maximize performance Slowly changing dimensions Are the Customer and Product Dim independent of Time Dim? Changes in names, family status, product district/region How to handle these changes in order not to affect the history status? Eg. Insurance 3 suggestions for slowly changing dimensions Type 1 overwrite/erase old values; no accurate tracking of history needed; easy to implement; Type 2 create new record at time of change; partitioning the history (old and new description); Type 3 new current fields, legitimate need to track both old and new states Original and current values; Intermediate Values are lost Junk Dimensions Leave the flags in the fact tables likely sparse data no real browse entry capability can significantly increase the size of the fact table Remove the attributes from the design potentially critical information will be lost if they provide no relevance, remove them Make a flag into its own dimension may greatly increase the number of dimensions, increasing the size of the fact table can clutter and confuse the design Combine all relevant flags, etc. into a single dimension the number of possibilities remain finite information is retained The Monster Dimension It is a compromise Avoids creating copies of dimension records in a significantly large dimension Done to manage space and changes efficiently 3 types of multidimensional data Data from external sources (represented by the blue cylinder) is copied into the small red marble cube, which represents input multidimensional data Pre-calculated, stored results derived from it on-the-fly results, calculated as required at run-time, but not stored in a database Aggregation The system uses physically stored aggregates as a way to enhance performance of common queries. These aggregates, like indexes, are chosen silently by the database if they are physically present. End users and application developers do not need to know what aggregates are available at any point in time, and applications are not required to explicitly code the name of an aggregate When you go for higher level of aggregates, the sparsity percentage goes down, eventually reaching 100% of occupancy Data Extraction Two major types of data extractions from the source operational systems as is (static) data and data of revision as is or static data is the capture of data at a given point in time For initial load Data of revision is known as incremental data capture Data Quality Issues Dummy values in fields Missing data Unofficial use of fields Cryptic values Contradicting values Reused primary keys Inconsistent values Incorrect values Multipurpose fields Steps in Data Cleansing Parsing Correcting Standardizing Matching Consolidating DATA TRANSFORMATION All the extracted data must be made usable in the data warehouse The quality of the data in many old legacy systems is less likely to be good enough for the data warehouse Transformation of source data encompasses a wide variety of manipulations to change all the extracted source data into usable information to be stored in the data warehouse Data warehouse practitioners have attempted to classify data transformations in several ways Basic Tasks Set of basic tasks Selection Splitting/Joining Conversion Summarization Enrichment Loading Initial Load Load mode Incremental Loads Constructive merge mode Type 1 slowly changing dimension: destructive merge mode Full Refresh Load and append modes are applicable OLAP defined: On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP) is a category of software technology that enables analysts, managers and executives to gain insight into data through fast, consistent, interactive access in a wide variety of possible views of information that has been transformed from raw data to reflect the real dimensionality of the enterprise as understood by the user Users need the ability to perform multidimensional analysis with complex calculations The basic virtues of OLAP Enables analysts, executives, and managers to gain useful insights from the presentation of data Can reorganize metrics along several dimensions and allow data to be viewed from different perspectives Supports multidimensional analysis Is able to drill down or roll up within each dimension BUSINESS METADATA Is like a roadmap or an easy-to-use information directory showing the contents and how to get it How can I sign onto and connect with the data warehouse? Which parts of the data warehouse can I access? Can I see all the attributes from a specific table? What are the definitions of the attributes I need in my query? Are there any queries and reports already predefined to give the results I need? TECHNICAL METADATA Technical metadata is meant for the IT staff responsible for the development and administration of the data warehouse Technical metadata is like a support guide for the IT professionals to build, maintain, and administer the data warehouse Physical Design Objectives Improve Performance In OLTP, 1-2 secs max; in DW secs to mins Ensure scalability Manage storage Provide Ease of Administration Design for Flexibility. Physical Design Steps Develop Standards Create Aggregates Plan Determine Data Partitioning Establish Clustering Options Prepare Indexing Strategy Assign storage structures Partitioning Breaking data into several physical units that can be handled separately Not a question of whether to do it in data warehouses but how to do it Granularity and partitioning are key to effective implementation of a warehouse Partitions are spread across multiple disks to boost performance Why Partition? Flexibility in managing data Smaller physical units allow easy restructuring free indexing sequential scans if needed easy reorganization easy recovery easy monitoring Improve performance Criterion for Partitioning Vertically (groups of selected columns together. More typical in dimension tables) Horizontally (e.g. recent events and past history. Typical in fact tables) Parallelization The argument goes: if your main problem is that your queries run too slowly, use more than one machine at a time to make them run faster (Parallel Processing). Oracle uses this strategy in its warehousing products. Indexing Structure separate from the table data it refers to, storing the location of rows in the database based on the column values specified when the index is created. They are used in data warehouse to improve warehouse throughput Indexing and loading Indexing for large tables Btree characteristics: Balanced Bushy: multi-way tree Block-oriented Dynamic Bitmap Index Bitmap indices are a special type of index designed for efficient querying on multiple keys Records in a relation are assumed to be numbered sequentially from, say, 0 Given a number n it must be easy to retrieve record n Particularly easy if records are of fixed size Applicable on attributes that take on a relatively small number of distinct values E.g. gender, country, state, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ E.g. income-level (income broken up into a small number of levels such as 0-9999, 10000-19999, 20000-50000, 50000- infinity) A bitmap is simply an array of bits In its simplest form a bitmap index on an attribute has a bitmap for each value of the attribute Bitmap has as many bits as records In a bitmap for value v, the bit for a record is 1 if the record has the value v for the attribute, and is 0 otherwise Clustering The technique involves placing and managing related units of data to be retrieved in the same physical block of storage This arrangement causes related units of data to be retrieved together in one single operation In a clustering index, the order of the rows is close to the index order. Close means that physical records containing rows will not have to be accessed more than one time if the index is accessed sequentially DW Deployment Major deployment activities Complete user acceptance Perform initial loads Get user desktops ready Complete initial user training Institute initial user support Deploy in stages DW Growth Maintenance Monitoring the DW Collection of Stats Usage of Stats For growth planning For fine tuning User training Data Content Applications Tools Dimensional Modeling Exercise Exercise: Create a star schema diagram that will enable FIT-WORLD GYM INC. to analyze their revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The fact table will include: for every instance of revenue taken attribute(s) useful for analyzing revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The star schema will include all dimensions that can be useful for analyzing revenue. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The only data sources available are shown bellow. SOURCE 1 FIT-WORLD GYM Operational Database: ER-Diagram and the tables based on it (with data) SOLUTION

Jean-Luc Picard as a Leader :: Star Trek Essays Papers

Jean-Luc Picard as a Leader Jean-Luc Picard, Captain of the Starship Enterprise, is a good leader because of his ability to guide and direct his crew in such a way that protects the Federation from its enemies and inspires others to have similar goals. Every leader has their own unique characteristics and Picard is no different. He is able to utilize his crew members' talent's, ship's technology, and his own experiences to be the best leader he can be. Webster's New World Dictionary defines a leader as one who guides or directs in a course that inspires the conduct of others. As well, a leader is one who makes decisions based his or her knowledge gained personally and from other sources. A leader is also aware of all the consequences of their actions and the ability of those that they lead. He must be a responsible and trust worthy person because of the many people who follow him and depend on him. Jean-Luc Picard has these qualities and uses them to the best of his ability to lead his crew on the Starship Enterprise. In the episode "The Defector," Picard shows that he is a leader by making smart decisions and by giving direction to others. From the beginning, Picard is directing the android Data in a scene from Shakespeare's play Henry V , with the help of the halo deck. He is giving advice on how Data can act more as a human. He explains why King Henry has gone in disguise among his troops before the battle. Picard explains that it was to find out the state of the Kings army's morale and confidence (The Defector, Dec 30, 89) . Picard knows that it is important to know the confidence of his crew because it directly corresponds to him because he is like the king of the Enterprise. Later, in another encounter with Data, Picard asks him to make a record of the events before their possible war with the Romulans . The last thing he asks Data is, " How is the spirit of the crew ?", and as Data responds , "they are confident, why do you ask?" Picard responded by saying that, "It would be hard to disguis e myself and walk among my crew like King Henry did" (The Defector, Dec 30, 89). This shows that Picard is generally concerned about his crew as any leader would be.

Computer systems :: essays research papers

CONTENTS 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specification of new Computers by category.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Designers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales Support and Accounts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production Technicians  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Site Director  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Directors PA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ICT Engineer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salespeople  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancillary Equipment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Printers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Network Requirements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Server Specification  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communications Equipment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training Requirements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Network Resources Plan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Evaluation and Selection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reputation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality components  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warranty  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After sales service  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  APPENDIX A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 1 Introduction.  This report is to identify the various network components that will be implemented and in which configuration. It will also identify the specification of each computer for each section of the company and what peripherals will be used.  The various parts of your organisation that require I.T. support and training are also highlighted in this report.  It will also focus on which steps should be taken to choose the correct supplier and how the introduction of the new network should be implemented. 2 Specification of new Computers by category. 2.1 Designers Processor  Intel Xeonâ„ ¢ processor running at 2GHz  Intel 860 Chipset with 400MHz system bus Memory  1GB dual-channel PC800 ECC Rambus ® RDRAM ® memory I/O Ports  Two 9-pin serial connectors; 16550-compatible  25-pin parallel connector (bi-directional)  6-pin mini-DIN keyboard connector  6-pin mini-DIN mouse connector  RJ45 NIC connector  Four USB-compliant 4-pin connectors (two front and two rear) I/O Slots  One 4X AGP Pro110  3 32bit 33MHz PCI slots  2 64bit 66MHz PCI slots  2 IEEE 1394 ports Storage  36GB high performance (Ultra160) SCSI (10,000RPM) hard drive  16x/8x40x CDRW Drive Graphics Card  Professional Graphics Card:  3DLabs © Wildcat TM II 5110 (128MB SDRAM) Monitor  21† (19.8† viewable) TFT Ultrascan Monitor Communications  Integrated Network Interface - 3Com © Fast EtherLink XL 10/100 PCI with Wakeup on LAN Input Devices  Enhanced Performance USB keyboard with 7 programmable hotkeys  Microsoft ® 2-button USB Intellimouse (wheelmouse) Additional Input  CalComp CADPRO © Graphic Tablet  The specification of this machine has been chosen with high performance in mind. Because of the intensive 3D modelling that the designers would be producing, a fast Processor and specialist Graphics Card were fitted.  The hard drive used has also been chosen for high capacity and spin speed for fast retrieval of large files.  A large flat panel monitor was also specified for increased viewing which is essential for this type of work and for space saving.  When choosing the memory I decided for a 1GB PC800 ECC Rambus ® RDRAM memory module this leaves two RIMM slots free for later expansion. This type of memory has a high bandwidth and runs at the same speed as the 400MHz system bus.  The Graphic Tablet was chosen because of the increased interface it achieves with CAD programs. For details of information sources see Appendix A 2.2 Sales Support and Accounts

Digital Fortress Chapter 36

â€Å"Manual abort?† Susan stared at her screen, mystified. She knew she hadn't typed any manual abort command-at least not intentionally. She wondered if maybe she'd hit the wrong sequence of keys by mistake. â€Å"Impossible,† she muttered. According to the headers, the abort command had been sent less than twenty minutes ago. Susan knew the only thing she'd typed in the last twenty minutes washer privacy code when she'd stepped out to talk to the commander. It was absurd to think the privacy code could have been misinterpreted as an abort command. Knowing it was a waste of time, Susan pulled up her ScreenLock log and double-checked that her privacy code had been entered properly. Sure enough, it had. â€Å"Then where,† she demanded angrily, â€Å"where did it get a manual abort?† Susan scowled and closed the ScreenLock window. Unexpectedly, however, in the split second as the window blipped away, something caught her eye. She reopened the window and studied the data. It made no sense. There was a proper â€Å"locking† entry when she'd left Node 3, but the timing of the subsequent â€Å"unlock† entry seemed strange. The two entries were less than one minute apart. Susan was certain she'd been outside with the commander for more than one minute. Susan scrolled down the page. What she saw left her aghast. Registering three minutes later, a second set of lock-unlock entries appeared. According to the log, someone had unlocked her terminal while she was gone. â€Å"Not possible!† she choked. The only candidate was Greg Hale, and Susan was quite certain she'd never given Hale her privacy code. Following good cryptographic procedure, Susan had chosen her code at random and never written it down; Hale's guessing the correct five-character alphanumeric was out of the question-it was thirty-six to the fifth power, over sixty million possibilities. But the ScreenLock entries were as clear as day. Susan stared at them in wonder. Hale had somehow been on her terminal while she was gone. He had sent her tracer a manual abort command. The questions of how quickly gave way to questions of why? Hale had no motive to break into her terminal. He didn't even know Susan was running a tracer. Even if he did know, Susan thought, why would he object to her tracking some guy named North Dakota? The unanswered questions seemed to be multiplying in her head. â€Å"First things first,† she said aloud. She would deal with Hale in a moment. Focusing on the matter at hand, Susan reloaded her tracer and hit the enter key. Her terminal beeped once. TRACER SENT Susan knew the tracer would take hours to return. She cursed Hale, wondering how in the world he'd gotten her privacy code, wondering what interest he had in her tracer. Susan stood up and strode immediately for Hale's terminal. The screen was black, but she could tell it was not locked-the monitor was glowing faintly around the edges. Cryptographers seldom locked their terminals except when they left Node 3 for the night. Instead, they simply dimmed the brightness on their monitors-a universal, honor-code indication that no one should disturb the terminal. Susan reached for Hale's terminal. â€Å"Screw the honor code,† she said. â€Å"What the hell are you up to?† Throwing a quick glance out at the deserted Crypto floor, Susan turned up Hale's brightness controls. The monitor came into focus, but the screen was entirely empty. Susan frowned at the blank screen. Uncertain how to proceed, she called up a search engine and typed: SEARCH FOR: â€Å"TRACER† It was a long shot, but if there were any references to Susan's tracer in Hale's computer, this search would find them. It might shed some light on why Hale had manually aborted her program. Seconds later the screen refreshed. NO MATCHES FOUND Susan sat a moment, unsure what she was even looking for. She tried again. SEARCH FOR: â€Å"SCREENLOCK† The monitor refreshed and provided a handful of innocuous references-no hint that Hale had any copies of Susan's privacy code on his computer. Susan sighed loudly. So what programs has he been using today? She went to Hale's â€Å"recent applications† menu to find the last program he had used. It was his E-mail server. Susan searched his hard drive and eventually found his E-mail folder hidden discreetly inside some other directories. She opened the folder, and additional folders appeared; it seemed Hale had numerous E-mail identities and accounts. One of them, Susan noticed with little surprise, was an anonymous account. She opened the folder, clicked one of the old, inbound messages, and read it. She instantly stopped breathing. The message read: TO: [email protected] FROM: [email protected] GREAT PROGRESS! DIGITAL FORTRESS IS ALMOST DONE. THIS THING WILL SET THE NSA BACK DECADES! As if in a dream, Susan read the message over and over. Then, trembling, she opened another. TO: [email protected] FROM: [email protected] ROTATING CLEARTEXT WORKS! MUTATION STRINGS ARE THE TRICK! It was unthinkable, and yet there it was. E-mail from Ensei Tankado. He had been writing to Greg Hale. They were working together. Susan went numb as the impossible truth stared up at her from the terminal. Greg Hale is NDAKOTA? Susan's eyes locked on the screen. Her mind searched desperately for some other explanation, but there was none. It was proof-sudden and inescapable: Tankado had used mutation strings to create a rotating cleartext function, and Hale had conspired with him to bring down the NSA. â€Å"It's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan stammered. â€Å"It's†¦ not possible.† As if to disagree, Hale's voice echoed from the past: Tankado wrote me a few times†¦ Strathmore took a gamble hiring me†¦ I'm getting out of here someday. Still, Susan could not accept what she was seeing. True, Greg Hale was obnoxious and arrogant-but he wasn't a traitor. He knew what Digital Fortress would do to the NSA; there was no way he was involved in a plot to release it! And yet, Susan realized, there was nothing to stop him-nothing except honor and decency. She thought of the Skipjack algorithm. Greg Hale had ruined the NSA's plans once before. What would prevent him from trying again? â€Å"But Tankado†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan puzzled. Why would someone as paranoid as Tankado trust someone as unreliable as Hale? She knew that none of it mattered now. All that mattered was getting to Strathmore. By some ironic stroke of fate, Tankado's partner was right there under their noses. She wondered if Hale knew yet that Ensei Tankado was dead. She quickly began closing Hale's E-mail files in order to leave the terminal exactly as she had found it. Hale could suspect nothing-not yet. The Digital Fortress pass-key, she realized in amazement, was probably hidden somewhere inside that very computer. But as Susan closed the last of the files, a shadow passed outside the Node 3 window. Her gaze shot up, and she saw Greg Hale approaching. Her adrenaline surged. He was almost to the doors. â€Å"Damn!† she cursed, eyeing the distance back to her seat. She knew she'd never make it. Hale was almost there. She wheeled desperately, searching Node 3 for options. The doors behind her clicked. Then they engaged. Susan felt instinct takeover. Digging her shoes into the carpet, she accelerated in long, reaching strides toward the pantry. As the doors hissed open, Susan slid to a stop in front of the refrigerator and yanked open the door. A glass pitcher on top tipped precariously and then rocked to a stop. â€Å"Hungry?† Hale asked, entering Node 3 and walking toward her. His voice was calm and flirtatious. â€Å"Want to share some tofu?† Susan exhaled and turned to face him. â€Å"No thanks,† she offered. â€Å"I think I'll just-† But the words got caught in her throat. She went white. Hale eyed her oddly. â€Å"What's wrong?† Susan bit her lip and locked eyes with him. â€Å"Nothing, â€Å"she managed. But it was a lie. Across the room, Hale's terminal glowed brightly. She'd forgotten to dim it.

Socio-Spatial Context of Urban Art in the Realm of Delhi

SOCIO SPATIAL CONTEXT OF URBAN ART IN THE REALM OF DELHI Introduction Before I dive into the debut to the thesis, I want to denote my capable affair through my response to 6 critical inquiries written below.What do I desire to analyze?I want to analyze the modern twenty-four hours phenomenon that is street art from a socio-spatial position in the urban kingdom of Delhi. I will see street art to include ( in order of importance to my thesis ) :GraffitiPublic art installingsTraditional sculptures and statues situated in the public zone2. Why is it of import to cognize about this subject? Street art has had a enormous impact on the lives of people, consciously or sub-consciously. It has acted as the voice of the laden and oppressors both. It will go on to play an of import function in distributing propaganda. It will besides go on to germinate into more signifiers of an artistic look. Hence we need to spread out our understanding upon this subject to foretell what the hereafter of street art is traveling to be. 3. How is this work situated in relation to my anterior work? I have experience in street art as I have done graffito for art festivals. I had besides planned collaborative street event with some friends to showcase HIP HOP in the streets of Hauz Khas small town. Four elements of HIP HOP include: DJ, Graffiti, MC and interrupt dance. Although It dint work out because of committedness issues, a senior ( SPA pass-out ) of mine, who was to be the DJ in my undertaking, managed to put to death my enterprise. I believe my old experience with graffito makes me a good campaigner to consider upon this subject. Besides, I have an unconditioned involvement in mass psychological science ( behavioural in peculiar ) . 4. What methods will I utilize to carry on this research? The secondary manner of survey is of head importance since the research focuses on the behavioural psychological impact public art has on the. The situational context of the secondary study is worldwide, assisting to understand the impact of urban art at a holistic degree. I will place socio-spatial parametric quantities from the secondary instance surveies. 3 books have been selected which talk about public art as a construct, graffito and installing art severally. 1.Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001. Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT 2.Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004. Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. 3.Bishop, C, 2005. Installation Art. 1st erectile dysfunction. ( unknown ) Routledge. Based on the parametric quantities derived from the secondary survey, viz. socio –spatial elements of street art, 3 primary researches will be conducted. A three pronged Interview of urban creative persons, the interior decorators of the infinite and the people who experience their art will be conducted for each primary instance survey. The status where the interior decorators have prompted art in their creative activity will besides be analyzed. 5. What will it bring forth? This chance will hopefully bring forth an penetration into the manner the built, in this instance, the graffito and the installing art have an impact on the societal domain of life. 6. Research inquiry What are the socio-spatial characters of street art in the urban kingdom of Delhi? The creative person is a receptacle for emotions that come from all over the topographic point: from the sky, from the Earth, from a bit of paper, from a passing form, from a spider ‘s web. -Pablo Picasso Graffiti has existed in one signifier or the other since the morning of clip. From cave pictures to Nazi propagandas, it has been a steady perceiver and teacher to the human civilisation. The modern twenty-four hours graffito has its roots in the 80’s. It has morphed itself from being a tool of look for the laden and oppressors likewise into a booming art signifier portion of the hip hop civilization of today. In recent old ages graffiti has grown bolder, more ornate, more sophisticated and, in many instances, more acceptable. Yet unsanctioned public art remains the job kid of cultural look, the last criminal of ocular subjects. Even though it is still non wholly welcomed and respected yet, it has gained popularity and credence in the younger coevals of today. Graffiti as a signifier of art has branched itself into other signifiers of modern-day art such as installing art, urban art, guerilla art, post-graffiti, neo graffito. It is engrained in the civilization of today. The graffito of the 80s is morphing and germinating into a broad array of bizarre and intriguing constructs such asMobius, created by art and design house Eness for the metropolis of Melbourne, Australia. It is a kinetic sculpture whose motion is undetectable by the bare oculus — the lone manner to see it travel is via time-lapse picture. The outgrowth of installing art as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself is rather an interesting development. Graffiti today has embraced the manner of installing art, art which has a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. The urban creative person is the receptacle whose art is in response to emotions given out by the societal order of the metropolis. Traveling a full circle, the societal order of our lives besides acts as the receptacle which absorbs all the emotion urban art emanates. For my literature referrals, I have decided to sort my reads into 3 classs:Generic public artGraffitiPublic installing artKnight ( 2011 ) defines as art in any media that has been planned and executed with the purpose of being staged in the physical populace sphere, normally outside and accessible to all. He besides suggests public art may include any art which is exhibited in a public infinite including publically accessible edifices, but frequently it is non that simple. Rather, the relationship between the content and audience, what the art is stating and to whom, is merely every bit of import if non more of import than its physical location. Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) conducts interviews of a broad scope of creative persons, administrative officials, and others whose lives have been affected by these undertakings in the North American context. He tells the narrative of a selected group of public art undertakings through these interviews. I think this book raises a set of critical set of issues from an remarkably wide set of positions. From an creative person who mounted three bronze sculptures in the South Bronx to the administrative official who led the battle to hold them removed ; from an creative person who describes his work as a â€Å" malignant neoplastic disease † on architecture to a brace of designers who might hold with him ; from an creative person who formed a alliance to change over 22 derelict row houses into an art center/community revival undertaking to a immature adult female who got her life back on path while life in one of the born-again houses. The category contradictions inherent in the term â€Å"public art† have been addressed by Finkelpearl ( 2009 ) by conveying different kinds of people into contact in originative ways. He besides provides a concise overview of altering attitudes toward the metropolis as the site of public art. In the book Dialogues in public art by Finkelpearl, the 20 interviews are divided into four parts:Controversies in Public Art: This portion focuses undertakings that are met with important contention. Richard Serra’s tilted discharge, John Ahearn’s three bronzes in the South Bronx, Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and Welcome to America’s finest Tourist Plantation by David Avalos, Louis Hock and Elizabeth Sisco. The interviews discourse how some of the contentions were welcomed as portion of the undertaking and how the alterations and/or remotion of the controversial plants of art have shed new visible radiation on the nature of the undertaking and its relationship with its audience.Experiments in Public Art as Architecture and Urban Planning:The series of interviews in this part discuss one of the waies that public art took in the aftermath of the contentions that move off from traditional definitions of art towards landscape design, architecture and planning. This subdivision begins with an interview with designers Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, in which they discuss their edginess in the infliction of art in the public design procedure. Sculptor Vito Acconci negotiations about how he has managed to infiltrate architectural design in his artistic pattern. Michael Singer and Linnea Glatt discourse their design of the solid waste direction installation in Phoenix, Arizona, while Ron Jensen, the former Director of Public Works for Phoenix, discusses the procedure that led him to engage two creative persons with small architectural background to be the lead interior decorators on a multimillion dollar installation. The solid waste direction installation is one of the few cases where the design and planning determinations in a public edifice were made by creative persons. Finally, Rick Lowe and Assata Shakur tell the narrative of Project Row houses, an art undertaking that transformed 22 creaky shotgun-style houses into a m odern-day art exhibition infinite, lodging for individual female parents and a community centre. Rick Lowe is an creative person whose work moved from the kingdom of architectural sculpture to urban design, while Assata Shakur is a former occupant in undertaking Ro houes’ immature female parents residential plan and a alumnus pupil in sociology at Penn State University.Dialogues on Dialogue-Based Public Art Projects:This series of interviews focal points on public art that makes duologue and indispensable component of the work itself. This is a really interesting facet to public art undertakings. The more duologue the work of art creates with its viewing audiences, the more singular and successful it is.Public Art for Public Health:This subdivision focuses on the Revival Fields and the AIDS thread. Artist Mel Chin and Dr. Rufus Chaney of the United States Department of Agriculture individually discuss Revival Field, an art and scientific discipline coaction that seeks to clea nse toxic waste sites utilizing â€Å"green remediation† . The book concludes with two interviews about the AIDS thread: Artist Frank Moore discusses how he helped originate the thread, and Jackie Mclean describes how she worked on the production of the thread at a women’s shelter while a member of the creative persons and stateless collaborative.The 2nd and the 3rd series of interviews are the 1s I would wish to pick up as secondary instance surveies. Knight C.K ( 2011 )takes a expression at public art and its populist entreaty, offering a more inclusive usher to America ‘s originative gustatory sensations and shared civilization. He examines the history of American public art – from FDR ‘s New Deal to Christo ‘sThe Gates– and challenges preconceived impressions of public art, spread outing its definition to include a broader range of plants and constructs such as Boston ‘s Big Dig, Las Vegas ‘ . Treasure Island and Disney World. In his booktitled Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism, he offers an option to the traditional position and unfavorable judgment environing public art. Chapterization of the book is as follows:Introduction: A short History of the United States â€Å"Official† Public ArtRoosevelt’s New DealGeneral Services Administrarion’s Art-in-public-places planNational gift for arts’ Art-in-public-places-programConventional Wisdom: Populist purposes within established ParadigmsArt as monument Art as commemorationArt as agreeablenessArt in the Park, Art as the ParkArt as the AgoraArt as PilgrimageCulture to travel: From art universe to the universeWhat museums do for usMy museumEducation, Outreach, ProgramingThe alternate museumNot rather â€Å"art† , non rather â€Å"public† :The art of amusementThis is particular, I am particularOpen pocketbook, unfastened docket?Embracing spectacleSuper spectator: Increasing singlePower to the peopleClaiming infinite and topographic pointDig inDecision: Art for all?The problem with ( Re ) DevelopmentNonprofit organizations and the passing idyllBack to schoolGrieving los s, retrieving lifeTwo narratives in one metropolisKnight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 2 ) offers penetrations on the populist purposes of art within the established paradigms by speaking about art and its parametric quantities of design. I hope to absorb what the chapter has to offer. Through it I hope to understand what public art is at a deeper degree of understanding. I hope to understand what the aesthetic sense of the art should be, whom should it be directed to? Is it meant for the populace? If yes, so does it intend the graphics should exceed the artist’s private or aesthetic concerns? These are the subjects the book has talked about. Knight C.K ( 2011, Chapter 5 ) negotiations about whether the viewers’increaedagency to find the degrees of battle in art and virtues of their ain art expriences should be knowing or non. Miles M. ( 2005 ) treats public art as a societal procedure and in the urban context. He talks about public art outside the normal confines of art unfavorable judgment and topographic points it within broader contexts of public infinite and gender. He farther goes on to research the devising, direction and mediation of art outside its conventional location in museums and galleries, and the liveable metropolis – a construct affecting user-centred schemes for urban planning and design. Using different positions, he explores both the aesthetic and political facets of the medium. Miles M. ( 2005 ) applies a scope of critical positions which have emerged from different subjects – art unfavorable judgment, urban design, urban sociology, geographics and critical theory – to analyze the pattern of art for urban public infinites, seeing public art from places outside those of the art universe to inquire how it might lend to possible urban hereafters. Researching the diverseness of urban political relations, the maps of public infinite and its relation to the constructions of power, the functions of professionals and users in the building of the metropolis, the gendering of infinite and the ways in which infinite and citizen are represented, Miles M. ( 2005 ) explains how these issues are as relevant to architecture, urban design and urban planning as they are to public art. Pulling on a wealth of images from across the UK and Europe and the USA, in peculiar, he inquiries the effectivity of public art in accomplishing more pleasant urban environments, whilst retaining the thought that conceive ofing possible hereafters is every bit much portion of a democratic society as utilizing public infinite. Art, Space and the City by Miles M. is chapterized as follows:IntroductionTHE CITYSPACE REPRESENTATION AND GENDERTHE MONUMENTTHE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ARTArt IN URBAN DEVELOPMENTArt IN METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTART IN HEALTH SERVICESArt AS A SOCIAL PROCESSCONVIVIAL CITIESNotesFurther READINGSBibliographyIndexThe chapters of involvement are infinite representation and gender, art in the urban development and art as a societal procedure. I am sing graffito as a signifier of public art. It is chiefly an urban phenomenon which gained popularity in the 1980’s. GANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004 ) have studied what graffito is, where it came from, how is it situated on the Earth in today’s universe. They have explored how letters used to rule graffitos but over the past decennary, graffito authors have expanded the graffiti civilization to a wider range of look. The station graffiti motion is characterized by more advanced attacks to organize and technique that travel beyond traditional perceptual experiences of classical graffito, In their book Graffiti universe: street art from five continents,they have provided illustrations of graffito around the universe. They divide the locations into the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. The contents of the book is as followsForewordWorldwide history of graffitoThe here and nowThe AmericasEuropeThe remainder of the universeInformationCrew namesGlossaryWeb sitesChoice magazinesSelect bibliographyRecognitionsGANZ, N. & A ; MANCO, T. ( 2004, chapter 3 ) put graffito in a present context. They point out the development of graffito from being entirely spray can-based to encompassing a wider scope of mediums. They have besides talked about the outgrowth of cyberspace and its interesting function in the development of graffito. These modern-day issues of graffito are the chief ground I have chosen to read this book. I shortlisted this book besides for the ground that it tries to carry through a comprehensive certification of graffito and its varying characters across the universe. Apart from that, I will besides be confer withing the chapters of world-wide history of graffito and the locational chapters showcasing graffito in the Americas, Europe and the remainder of the universe. Graffiti has of late taken a measure further in its development. Graffiti today has embraced the attack of installing art, art which adds a 3rddimension to it. As opposed to the 2 dimensional old school graffito, this new geographic expedition in the 3rddimension is taking the art signifier to unobserved and antecedently impossible highs. .Installation art has emerged as portion of graffito and as a separate entity in itself. Bishop ( 2005 ) provides both a history and a full critical scrutiny of this ambitious country of modern-day art, from 1960 to the present twenty-four hours. Using instance surveies of important creative persons and single plants, Bishop ( 2005 ) argues that, as installing art requires its audience to physically come in the graphics in order to see it, installing pieces can be categorised by the type of experience they provide for the screening topic. Equally good as researching the methodological analysiss of the creative persons examined, she besides explains the critical theory that informed their work. Documentary moviesi‚ · RASH ( 2005 ) , a characteristic length docudrama by Mutiny Media researching the cultural value of Australian street art and graffitoi‚ · Roadsworth: Traversing the Line ( 2007 ) , a documental movie about the legal battle of Montreal street creative person Roadsworthi‚ · Bomb It ( 2008 ) , a documental movie about graffito and street art around the universei‚ · Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) , a docudrama created by the creative person Banksy about Thierry Guettai‚ · Street Art Awards ( 2010 ) , opening of the street art festival in Berlini‚ · Las Calles Hablan ( 2013 ) , Las Calles Hablan, a characteristic length docudrama about street art in Barcelonai‚ · Style Wars ( 1983 ) , a PBS docudrama about graffiti creative persons in New York City having Seen, Kase2, Dez and DondiMention Bishop, C, 2005.Installation Art. Edition. 1sterectile dysfunction. Routledge. Finkelpearl, T, & A ; Acconci, V, 2001.Dialogues in Public Art. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Massachusetts: First MIT Ganz, N. , & A ; Manco, T, 2004.Graffiti universe: street art from five continents. New York, H.N. Abrams. Knight, C.K. , 2011.Public Art: Theory, Practice and Populism. 2nd erectile dysfunction. MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing Miles, M, 2005.Art, Space and the City. 3rd erectile dysfunction. London: Routledge.