Karl Marx, Estranged Labor in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of Essay

Karl Marx, Estranged Labor in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (pdf) - Essay Example The workers were surprised to be given their last pay slip and were told that their contracts or workloads for LEX media are over. There was no prior notice, no just basis or any just explanation of the dismissal. Apparently, LEX media did this already in 2005 where more than 80 workers under News Division were also dismissed. The works rights to livelihood and job security were trivialized and ignored. It is true that labor produces for the rich wonderful things – but for the worker it produces privation. It produces palaces – but for the worker, hovels. It produces beauty – but for the worker, deformity. It replaces labor by machines, but it throws one section of the workers back into barbarous types of labor and it turns the other section into a Machine. It produces intelligence – but for the worker, stupidity, cretinism. Platinum is a vital metal utilized in most industries. South Africa is the worlds leading supplier of Platinum. A massive platinum mining operation exists in the country where over 80,000 African mining workers. The miners earn $400 a month and works in the harshest working conditions hazard pay and meager health benefits. Unionists are massacred, threatened, jailed or illegally dismissed. The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and size. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates. Sreymonm is a 23 year old factory worker in Cambodia. Her daily shift starts from 7 AM to 4 PM, six days a week. With regular over time, she is only paid 50 cents per hour or over $85 per month. Workers are the backbone of and industry as they help build wealth and abundance. Ironically, they are twice poorer than the wealth they bring (Larson, 2014). Filipino workers from the Pentagon Steel Company produce steel pipes, roofing, wiring,

Data Collection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Collection - Assignment Example In universities, however, some of the sources of pay hike for faculty members such as tuition fee that owe its management to external units that make it inaccessible. Nevertheless, worker unions are useful forums for airing the grievances of the laborers and campaign for wage increases. Unions are also highly influential because their members reserve the right to strike in case their demands are unmet. As a consequence, being in a union raises the nominal wage of its member. Wage is dependent on education and the demand for skills. There is the existence of perceptions that unions have the capacity to condense wage differentials if the union is influential enough. Blau and Kahn (2006) argue that, the labor unions in America have been effective in bargaining for their members’ salaries and allowances, making them higher than the nonunion members. An experimental research shows that those employees who have joined labor unions receive higher compensations relative to non union workers. There is, therefore, diminishing of unions in United Kingdom and United States. This explains the decreasing remunerations for the employees. Testing of such a hypothesis in US construction industry has, however, invalidated the thought (Blau and Kahn, 2006). Another study by Michigan panel study of income dynamics on the existence of the gender pay gap has produced similar results. Results from the research show that, the gap has been converging over the last few decades. The discrepancies in the pay gap can be eliminated by; upgrading of professional knowledge and de-unionization of employees. The widening of the wage gap can be explained by transformations in the labor market mode of selecting employees. Demand shift alterations and labor market biases contribute significantly to the wage gap (Blau and Kahn, 2006). Blau and Kahn (2006) have declared that, the probability of a woman and a man being union

The Absorption Costing Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing

The Absorption Costing Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing Allocating a fair and proper price to a product or service may be a tricky balancing act for a company. Many firms have an ongoing struggle with setting their pricing strategies. It is a well known fact that the success of any product or service relies straight on the ability to sell them which anon directly depends on the correct pricing strategy (Bosse, 2009). The pricing cannot be just randomly guessed by the company. There are several measures that ought to be considered while forming the pricing strategy. By implementing creative judgments and intensifying the awareness of consumer motivation, a company can seize the market. Pricing is not merely a marketing, financial or operational decision; instead it influences all aspects of the firm (Petersn, 2008). Preliminary Situation for Pricing Erner (2010) mentions two possible situations to consider for pricing: The first one declares that the product in question has several competitors who offer products with less differentiation. Hence a market price already exists. In this case customers will not purchase products with high market prices. Therefore the company does not have to conduct extensive research about the pricing strategy as they already have a guideline present. The second situation indicates that the market price does not exist. Herein the product does not have any direct competitors and no pricing standards are available. The company has to decide how to price its products or services. In such a position the company must emphasize more on market research, customer perception, costing, price testing etc. (Hilton, 2009). The Absorption Cost Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing For pricing decisions accounting information can be used especially if the firm is a leader in the market or a price-maker. As there is hardly time for analyzing demand and marginal cost for each product or service thoroughly, managers have to depend on a swift and unsophisticated method for determining prices. Therefore companies apply the Cost-Plus Pricing (CPP) method in which the total cost of the product or service adds a margin to ascertain the selling price (Hilton, 2009). However many companies are price-takers as they set their prices according to the market leaders and have to follow the market, adjusting their prices due to competition. Even in such cases understanding costs supports making managerial decisions e.g. which and how many products or services should be produced (Pietersz, n.g.). To give a considerable return on the stockholders investment the determined price in pricing standard products must cover all costs such as production, administrative, fixed and variab le sales cost (Erner, 2010). As this should not be the case the business will bear losses and may not even be extant. Comprehending the companys marketing strategy is required for applying cost information in pricing decisions (Collier, 2009). COST + MARK UP = SELLING PRICE (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003) Determine the Cost Coverage Before adding a desired profit margin the full costs  [1]  for each product or service has to be calculated (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003). Flowingly the company has to underline the cost coverage that can be done by the Absorption Cost Approach (ACA) or the Contribution Approach (CA) (Erner, 2010). In the pricing decision the unit cost of a completed product is a key measure. The so called Unit Product Cost (UPC) stipulates the value of goods inventory completed and the cost of sold goods (Tatum, n.g.). On the one side variable costing classes costs according to their behavior into variable or fixed. For determining the UPC variable costing only includes costs directly varied to production i.e. direct material and direct labor cost as also the variable manufacturing overhead. The fixed manufacturing overhead costs are dealt like period expenses i.e. expense them like selling and administration cost in the period in which they incur. Fixed costs are not regarded in variable UPC. On the other side absorption costing classes the costs according to their function either into manufacturing or non-manufacturing costs. For calculating the UPC by applying the ACA all manufacturing costs, variable or fixed, are included (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003). Contribution Approach In the CA the cost base consists of the variable expenses associated with a product. The mark-up used must include the fixed costs considering the desired profit per unit. The cost base must be kept free of any element of fixed costs facilitating the pricing in special situations (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005). In this paper the CA is not considered in detail. Absorption Cost Approach In the ACA the cost base is defined as the cost to manufacture a single unit. The selling and administration costs which are not included in the cost base are considered in the mark-up stage that is added on to the target selling price (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005). The ACA illustrates the pricing decision as deceitfully easy. It seems that a company only has to calculate its UPC, determine the profit level they want and set the price. It appears that a company can ignore demand and arrive at a price that will safely yield whatever profit it wants (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 760). The ACA depends on unit sales predictions and nor the UPC nor the mark-up can be determined without them. In this approach it is anticipated that customers need the predicted unit sales and are willing to pay any price the firm stipulates. But customers have a choice as they can either purchase from a competitor or decide not to buy the product at all if the price is set too high (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010). Determine Mark-up for Absorption Cost Approach A mark-up is the percentage added to cost for profit, whereas the margin is the percentage of the selling price that is represented by profit (Collier, 2009, p. 173). The ACA and CA both bury some cost elements in the mark-up. The mark up percentage has not only to cover the buried costs but also has to generate a satisfying return on assets employed (Erner, 2010). The mark-up over cost ought to be set according to the market conditions, but many firms rest their mark-up upon desired profit and cost (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010). The formula for determining the right mark-up percentage by applying the ACA is as follows (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 759): Mark-up % = (required RoI x investment) + selling and administrative expenses / (UPC x unit sales) Adjust Price to Market Conditions The final stage considers adjusting the prices pursuant to the market conditions. The CPP usually tends to ignore the relationship between the price and the volume to be produced which in turn can result in lower profits, insufficient demand etc. Thus the sales forecasts need to be met in order for the pricing to be reliable. The final selling price may be much higher than the figure received due to the mark-up stage as companies (can) ignore the competitive positioning, promotional strategy, product differentiation, packaging etc. (Erner, 2010). Practical Example To illustrate an example  [2]  of CPP using ACA it is assumed that Company X just underwent some design modifications for their product Y and wants to set a selling price accordingly. The cost estimates are as follows: The first step in ACA is to calculate the UPC which is illustrated in the following calculation. Here it adds up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 23.50 per unit as a volume of 10 000 units is assumed for Company X: Several companies set their profit on costs and desired profits. This can be illustrated by using the given formula for mark-up percentage for ACA (see 2.2 Determine Mark-up). To illustrate how the formula is applied, assume Company X invests à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 100 000 in operating assets like e.g. equipment to produce and market 10 000 units of the product each year. Further suppose Company X needs 20% RoI. So the mark-up calculations are as follows: Mark-up % = (20% x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 100 000) + (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 per unit x 10 000 units + à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 60 000) / (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 23.50 per unit x 10 000 units) Æ’Â   42.55% The Mark-up of 42.55% resulted to a Target Selling Price of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 33.50. Only if Company X really sells its 10 000 units at this price the products ROI will be 20%. Logically the ROI will decline if fewer products are sold. The betoken volume of sales is achieved only when the required ROI will be reached.

Mr. :: essays research papers

When in November 1945 John H. Johnson, a 27-year-old Black businessman with a vision and an abiding faith in himself, launched Ebony magazine, his timing couldn't have been more perfect. World War II had just come to an end and thousands of Black GIs who had helped "make the world safe for democracy" were returning to civilian life, ready to challenge racial discrimination at home. "Ebony," says Publisher Johnson, "was founded to project al dimension of the Black personality in a world saturated with stereotypes. We wanted to give Blacks a new sense of somebodiness, a new sense of self-respect. We wanted to tell them who they were and what they could do. We believed then--and we believe now--that Blacks needed positive images to fulfill their potentialities." Thanks to that winning formula, Ebony, whose name was the brainchild of the publisher's wife, Eunice W. Johnson, immediately captured the No. 1 spot as the most widely circulated and most popular Black magazine, a position it has been able to maintain for 50 consecutive years. In keeping with its mission, Ebony began chipping away at old stereotypes and replacing them with positive Black images by highlighting the achievements of Black men and women that had heretofore been ignored by the general press. So systematic had been the exclusion of Blacks from the White-controlled media that many people, including--sadly enough--a fair number of Blacks, had serious doubts about Blacks' ability to perform as well as their White counterparts. Ebony helped change all that. With articles and dramatic photos, the new publication showed bow undaunted Black individuals were able to triumph over poverty and racial barriers and succeed in building viable careers in education, business, sports, the military, entertainment and the arts. While monitoring the ongoing saga of Black progress, the magazine also put its resources to work to show its readers that Blacks had a history to be proud of and that even during slavery, there were Black men and women whose heroic deeds he lped in the freedom struggle and paved the way for future generations of Blacks. As the Freedom Movement gained momentum in the late `50s and early `60s, Ebony became the mirror of the struggle of rights activists, both North and South, to desegregate rail and bus transportation, lunch counters, public schools, hotels and motels, the armed forces and housing. Frequently at the risk of their own safety, Ebony writers and photographers braved the menacing presence of racist sheriffs in order to bring readers firsthand accounts of the valiant battle for racial equality waged by Blacks in a recalcitrant South.

Procurement plan Essay

Procurement plan The procurement plan for the NHS hospital development may be undertaken through the following steps and processes: 1. Procurement guidelines: a) Goods and services shall be procured under and in accordance with NHS guidelines and provisions outlining the functioning and operation of such procedures. b) Outsourced services, consultants, off-branch goods and services are to be procured in accordance with the requisite NHS guidelines and project specifications. c) Standard bidding documents/ Proposals/ bidding paper etc will all be finalized as per NHS guidelines and will adhere strictly to NHS quality and safety requirements (Fewings 2010) 2. Selection of goods and services: The current project is one of re-development and upgrading the current capabilities of the Southmead hospital project. In keeping with that goal there are certain target areas that have been determined as priority areas these can be enumerated as: a) Infrastructure: The re-developed institute is one that is seeking to combine the two institutions of Southmead and Frenchday into one overarching institution for providing the best quality healthcare to the people of that particular county. b) Services: In addition to traditional healthcare services the facility will also host a significant parking facility, concourse, catering facilities and a variety of similar commercial interests that will fill the seven story structure. The facility will also feature a helipad that poses its own unique problems in terms of special infrastructural needs and requirements. C) Accessibility and environmental compatibility: One of the main issues facing the institution prior to the redevelopment of the institution was one of accessibility i.e. the acute and non-acute service centers where spread over the various sites reducing accessibility for the clients and patients, thus reducing effective service time and severely affecting patient care. Another issue that was identified as a core  issue was that of the environmental integrity of the institution, specifically in regards to energy wastage and infection containment. The existing infrastructure was one of wasteful energy leakages and un-contained infection that resulted in the spread of hospital diseases and led to severely compromised patient care and health infrastructure. Consideration of all the above variables and factors needs to be taken into consideration while considering the infrastructural needs of the institution. 3) Goods and services: In terms of goods the following generic categories of products need to be stocked up on surplus levels of inventory: Sanitary products Dressing Equipment Laboratory consumables Emergency consumables Disposable syringes Saline solution Theater equipment (Gloves, scrubs, gowns, masks etc) Generic medication (Antibiotics, coagulants, local anesthetic etc ) The above detailed equipment is one that is used in copious amounts and regularly in all major health institutions and healthcare providers need to be well stocked on the above goods and the like. There are certain other kinds of good which form the median range of products to be kept in stock, to be stored at optimum levels: Bed-sheets and related supplies (pillows, blankets etc) General anesthetic and specialty medicinal supplies (insulin, adrenalin etc) Housekeeping supplies (bed pans, cafeteria supplies etc) In keeping with the same classification of goods, there is a third level of classification of products and goods that a healthcare institute requires that may be classified as critical products such as: Specialty equipment (Physiotherapy, patient recovery etc) Specialty medicine (Epinephrine, methamphetamine etc) The above equipment (especially drugs ) are to be kept on a strictly controlled basis and require to be carefully monitored and controlled, thus  these are kept at levels that are closely calculated on a need of use basis. D) Services: From time to time the institution may require specialty services in order to aid in its smooth functioning and operation. The different services required may be classified as below: Healthcare services: These include services related to the medical nature of the healthcare institution, most commonly related to consultative services and operational guidance in the forms of outside medical consultants for specialized medical care for patients in case of ailments that are not routinely treated at the center; secondary healthcare services such as those relating to early infant care and patient outgoing also fall under this category. Non-Healthcare services: These include services related to the commercial aspect of the institution, for example: independent contractors to handle the catering aspect of the institution, or construction consultants to aid in the different infrastructural needs and requirements of the institution. For example: contractors and outsourced services to handle the IT infrastructure of the institution and other secondary and tertiary aspects associated with the facility. 3) Procurement methods: In keeping with the classification of the different procurement requirements of the institution as outlined above, there can be different procurement methods adapted to each category of product: Category A products: These include products that are consumed in large bulk in the daily operation of the institution such as; sanitary products, dressing equipment, etc. As these are required to be replenished in continuous cyclical repetition the best procurement method for these kinds of products would be to request competitive quotations from interested parties and entering into long term contractual obligations with the selected parties in order to ensure continuous supply of the said products, bulk buying is required and contractual terms and conditions may be changed to reflect the cost benefit  acquired due to the economies of scale achieved through bulk buying. Category B products: These include products that are used on a somewhat daily basis, products that may be reused and put into the operational cycle over a medium period of time such as: bed sheets, pillows, cutlery etc. A similar procedure as for category A products may be used for these kinds of products except the period of contract for such products should be short to medium-term periods of time i.e. 1-2 years to provide for changing market conditions and to accommodate favorable, more cost effective offers from different vendors. Category C products: These generally include highly restricted and seldom used products, mostly in use for highly specialized medical procedures, such as: radioactive isotopes, scheduled drugs, restricted materials etc. These kinds of products are kept under strict control by the medical advisory bodies and are used only in cases of strict and extreme medical necessity. The procurement method for these kinds of products should be as per use and consists of a strictly formalized approach to the governing and regulatory bodies. Generally use of such products comes with strict guidelines and benchmarks that determine the level of competence of the institution to handle such materials, special care should be taken to ensure strict and absolute adherence to such standards and guidelines before initiating the procurement method for said substances. Services: Non-medical services: These kinds of services are procured by the fixed and sealed tender method wherein fixed tenders are invited from interested parties and the lowest bidder wins the contract for providing the said services to the institution. Medical services: This category of services is available only from a limited pool of resources and as such traditional methods of procurement give way to new, innovative forms of contracts and agreements such as having a visiting specialist, or having a ‘guest specialist’ who visits the institution regularly or on  demand whenever a situation arises requiring the specialists unique skill sets. Procurement issues: Post-tender negotiations: There are several situations wherein changing market conditions and various environmental variables necessitate the re-negotiation of contracts after the finalization of tenders. One such example may be in the drop in the prices of raw materials required; change in the immigration policy may flood the market with more affordable labor creating the requirement for new terms of contract with longstanding contract partners. However NHS does not permit post tender negotiations. (NHS, Barnet, 2009:37). This creates significant levels of problems in negotiating contract details after the issuance of tenders (Morris et al., 2007). Fund Management: Typically there are several differences in how the funds allotted to a particular project are managed in respect of public and private interests, for instances privately managed projects have more flexibility in regards to funds allocation and consumption and are subject to less paperwork, therefore are consequently subject to greater independence. However, being a public project, it would require better and more efficient management of public funds. This translates into tighter controls, apprehension in fund allocations, delayed fund usage and general financial disarray. This is a very real, very serious issue facing most all government institutions and not necessarily limited to just the NHS. Environmental issues: In recent years renewed attention has been paid to environmental concerns emanating from organizational operations. Medical institutions have traditionally been highly inefficient in terms of energy usage and According to a research conducted by Torbay NHS Care Trust, (2010, p. 10), 60 of the total carbon footprint of NHS originates from the procured goods and services. Implementing IT infrastructure: The business model for a lot of the modern healthcare facilities has integrated the need for a comprehensive IT support framework that supports the operational activities of the organization. Ensuring compatibility with modern standards of IT infrastructure and implementing modern IT concepts like e-commerce etc in the procurement plan is a major challenge for the managers. Procurement strategy: Core strategic priorities: To establish a process of sourcing contracts and frameworks to ensure the delivery of best value. To implement and fully utilize efficient on†line procurement systems and processes that move away from a paper based system and reduce the transaction effort within the Trust. To implement a set of standard policies and processes to ensure that all staff understand and comply with the mechanisms for purchasing goods and services. To implement a range of management information systems that allow for the results of current procurement patterns to be analyzed to ensure that best value is secured. To develop a materials management structure to allow efficient and effective delivery and stockholding. Establishment of accurate assessment centers catering directly to the diagnostic needs of patients from various medical need backgrounds. Aesthetic and functional design of the hospital interiors, compensating for the needs of special requirement patients involving senior citizens as well as early childhood care. Combination of easy access as well as synergistic design based construction that combines the best of functionality, environmental friendliness and ease of use. Strategic principles: The strategic principles on which the procurement strategy will be based can be enumerated as follows: Strive for continuous improvement in quality, price and processes by researching and developing a detailed understanding of potential products and services. Encourage environmentally advantageous products and services by, where appropriate, working with providers to minimize the environmental and social impacts associated with products and services. Strategic Model: The strategic model which will ensure the application of the strategy formed is described as follows: 1) Control: Performance: The various parameters of healthcare deliverables, measurable service outputs, and performance indicators etc will be used to measure performance efficiency and effectiveness. Governance: Formulating executive level strategies and policies to guide the procurement process and strategy. Risk: Acceptable parameters of different procurement components such as inventory levels, service delivery time, turnaround time etc. 2) Process: Sourcing: The activity of determining and defining business demand and the subsequent engagement with the supply market to acquire or fulfill that demand in the most cost effective way for the hospital is to be determined and executed by a central procurement department. Financial management: The allocation, budgeting and consumption of funds is to be managed in accordance with NHS guidelines and undertaken by the executive level governing body overseeing said functions of the hospital. Data Management: The use of above mentioned IT infrastructure to enable efficient data forecasts and effective material management. References: Bower, Denise 2003, ‘Management of procurement’ Pearson Publishing Fleming, Quentin 2003, ‘Project procurement management’ SUNY press Zaman, Nadeem 2011, ‘Procurement Management Process’ Toronto Press Sherman, Stanley 1985, ‘Government Procurement Management’ Penguin Publishing England, Wilbur 2009, ‘Modern procurement management’ Harvard Press Ukalkar, Sanjay 2000, ‘Strategic Procurement Management’ Abrahms Publishing Nelson, Clarence 2001, ‘IT use in Procurement Managament’ SUNY press

Lab Report: Environmental Control of Sex Determination Essay

Introduction Ceratopteris richardii, known as a C-fern has a lifecycle referred to as alteration of generations, which consist of neither haploid nor diploid dominant. C-ferns are homospours plants which are important in that they can produce hermaphrioditic gametophytes in order to be able to self fertilize. However, some of the homospourous C-ferns only produce male gametophytes .The life cycle of Ceratopteris richardii starts as a diploid sporophyte which then, by meiosis, produces haploid spores. These spores then undergo mitosis to produce a haploid gametophyte, which can be either hermaphrodite( producing eggs and sperm), or a male gametophyte (producing only sperm). Gametophytes then produce gametes by mitosis. The hermaphrodite gametophyte will produce both eggs and sperm,while, the male gametophyte will produce strictly sperm. The gametes from the hermaphrodite gametophyte fertilize one another producing a diploid zygote which grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte ready to start the cycle again (Lab Manual). Chromosomal sex determination is determined by the inheritance of sex chromosomes, while, environmental sex determination is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and parasite invasion(Lab Manual). Humans use the system of chromosomal sex determination by combining their X and Y chromosomes to produce a zygote determining the sexual phenotype in humans. Alligators use environmental sex determination when incubating their eggs.Temperature influences the sex of the offspring meaning; warmer incubating temperatures produce male development while cooler temperatures produce female development (Lab Manual). Our hypothesis for the Ceratopteris richardii was that gametophyte population density influences sex determination. Our first prediction was that the percentage of male gametophytes would increase as the population density of the gametophytes increased. Our second prediction was that the percentage of male gametophytes would decrease as the population density of the gametophytes increased. Results The graph of our results showed the percentage of male gametophytes increasing and then leveling off (Figure 1). This was our trend because most of the points followed this pattern, however; there was a potential outlier at point (68, 32.3). The distribution of gametophytes on the culture plates varied. Plates A and F had even distribution but were very crowed with gametophytes, while plates D and C were evenly distributed but had less gametophytes. Plate E had clumping of gametophytes in the top left corner and plate B had clumping the the bottom right corner. Figure 1. The relationship between the population density and the percentage of male gametophytes. Discussion The prediction that the percentage of male gametophytes would increase as the population density of the gametophytes increased, and the prediction that the percentage of male gametophytes would decrease as the population density of the gametophytes increased were not supported by our results. When the population density was low, the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively low because there would not be enough eggs to fertilize the sperm produced from both the hermaphrodite,and the sperm produced by the male gametophyte. When the population density was high, the percentage of male gametophytes was higher but still less than fifty percent because of the same reasons.The data from our results did support our hypothesis that the gametophyte population influences sex determination in the C-fern because, the higher the population density, the more level the percentage of male gametophytes became. The reason for this leveling out at the top of the graph was due to; if the percentage of male gametophytes kept increasing linearly, then there would be too many male gametophytes and not enough eggs being produced from the hermaphrodite gametophytes to be fertilized causing an unbalanced population. The outlier pertained to this because the population density was so high but the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively close to the other points supporting that male gametophyte production does not increase as population density increases. Even thought the population density was so high, the percentage of male gametophytes was relatively the same as the other points because the hermaphrodite gametophytes were trying to increase in number so that they could produce enough eggs to be able to self fertilize and reproduce with the male gametophytes, causing a leveling off in the graph. C-Ferns might have evolved this system of sex determination for many reasons. Being a hermaphrodite allows them to self fertilize, so by having this ability,C-ferns can produce eggs when there is sperm, so they always have the ability to reproduce. Unlike hermaphrodites, having separate sexes does not always guarantee you a parter so there is not guarantee in reproduction. Cross fertilization and self fertilization are important when discussing variation. Cross fertilization allows for different genetic material to be combined causing variation. Variation allows natural selection to act on and therefore, plants that are better adapted to the environment survive. Self Fertilization allows plants that have the adapted survival gene to self fertilize, producing less variation but more of sustainable plant. This relates to the offspring produced by hermaphrodites because they mostly self fertilize so they are producing more of themselves but less variation. The offspring produced by separate sexes produces more variation but stands less of a chance against natural selection because the hermaphrodites are reproducing well adapted offspring while the separate sexes are producing a new combination of genetics. A Labratory Manual for BIO 114. 2011. Environmental Control of Sex Determination, pp.163-166. James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. ———————–

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions There are many topics, which stir interest of the public and can rise hot discussions not depending where it takes place: in a class, among friends or during presidential debates. One of them is whether abortion is legal, so many professors decide to assign an argumentative essay on this complex subject. Some people think that abortion may be called a murder and it should be prohibited by all the authorities. On the other hand, some supporters believe that parents have a right to decide until the baby is born. That is why such a debatable issue is a perfect topic for a discussion. You may think that discussing such topics may be an impossible task but let us assure you that knowing all the aspects and tips it is quite achievable! How to start an essay on abortion One of the biggest challenges you have, when writing an argumentative essay is that you need to put aside all your emotions and concentrate on the facts. Of course, you may have your personal opinion on abortions but before starting an essay, you need to leave aside emotions and prejudice to give objective information on the matter. At first, you may find it very difficult to follow the facts, when sticking to your personal beliefs. But with time and practice, it will be easier for you to put aside all the emotions and stay true to the formality and facts. All the arguments in your essay should be backed with credible information, philosophical support and academic argumentations. That is why you should always start with a research on the topic. How a perfect research looks like The biggest challenge of making a research is that you will have to face information, which may be not as credible as you wished. In most of the times, looking for such data online, you will find websites with false data and it will only do you harm. That is why, if you want to complete a thoughtful argumentative essay on abortion, you need to use only credible sources and materials, which you find in various books, philosophical papers and scientific researches. How to complete ‘pros and cons’ essays The style and the structure of your paper may greatly depend on whether you want to support pro-life or pro-choice beliefs, so first you need to make sure which side you are going to highlight. Here are the main things you need to consider: Make sure the reader understands what side you are one. It doesn’t mean that you need to provide your personal opinion on the matter but it is important to concentrate on a certain side of the topic, even if you choose to take the middle road; Always research the reasons of both sides to make sure you clearly understand the subject. For example, those, who stand on a pro-life position, claim that a fetus of only ten weeks old already has arms, legs and looks like a human being. On contrary, pro-choice activists discuss whether a fetus can be called a person; When you complete a research paper on abortion, always study the arguments of the opposition, as you will be able to fight back and prepare facts to support your point of views; When completing an argumentative essay on abortion or any other controversial topic, always rely on facts and complete a thorough research, providing all the details in a scientific and objective way. Following this rule will help you to avoid misunderstanding and obtain high grades. Hopefully, these simple rules will help you to write an essay on abortion and avoid all the difficulties any argumentative essay may bring.