Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Native American Stereotypes Essay - 1357 Words
Another issue is how Native Americans internalize the stereotypes that are forced upon them. In a study conducted by Fryberg, Markus, Oyserman, and Stone (2008), they found three common stereotypes of Native Americans in mass media: Spiritual people who are in tune with nature, warriors, or people with stereotypically bad outcomes, such as alcoholism. It is important to note that not all of these stereotypes are negative, and in fact a few of them are positive. What Fryberg et al. (2008) found, however, was that regardless if the stereotype was seen as positive or negative, all three of those variations caused harm in the form of ââ¬Å"studentsââ¬â¢ feelings of personal and community worth, and achievement-related possible selvesâ⬠(p. 216). It didâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦While there are many variables in this study, the results certainly demonstrate that ethnicity and discrimination play a role in resilience, both in the form of academic achievement and feelings of de spair. An extremely resilient Native American youth may be able to achieve high levels of academic success and keep their chin up in the face of despair, however, not everyone is made fully resistant to the wears and tears of stereotyping and discrimination. Race may be a social construct, however, it has very real consequences. Native Americans make up a miniscule percentage of American society, meaning that they are in the minority and are therefore subjected to the rule of the majority. That means that they are subjected to visions of America through white eyes, since whites make up the majority of America. White privilege, therefore, means being able to declare that Christopher Columbus discovered America, completely ignoring the fact that Native Americans resided here long before he arrived. White privilege means getting to write the history, since it is the winners who write history, and telling school children that the Pilgrims and Indians got along, and then glossing over events such as the Trail of Tears. White privilege means seeing Native American protests on TV, such the recent Standing Rock movement, and then having theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Stereotypes and Stereotyping of Native Americans2394 Words à |à 10 PagesThe S tereotyping of Native Americans Until fairly recently the popular culture of American literature and film did not attempt to study the true representations of Indians in North America. 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This never stoppedRead MoreIndians in Unexpected Places Essay902 Words à |à 4 PagesDeloria, with his analytical survey, Indians in Unexpected Places, recounts the synthesis of western white expectations, and American Indians. The book takes its title from the general thesis, which explores not only the relationship between Indians and their introduction into an alien culture, but also the expectations that we have of Indians and how they ââ¬Å"shouldâ⬠interact with our white western culture. According to Deloria, the common notion is that, ââ¬Å"Ind ian people, corralled on isolated and impoverishedRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Stereotypes And Stereotypes977 Words à |à 4 PagesBreaking Stereotypes The labeling or stereotyping of different races often define how they are supposed to act, think, and conduct themselves within society. 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There are certain racial definitions however, that have remained mostly the same despite efforts to bring attention to the offensiveness and immorality of such discriminatory thinking. These stereotypes are oftentimes negative and apply to members of minority races, which end up perpetuat ing themselves into various cultural outlets of society including the media and film. Through the use of such popular forms of entertainment, the definitions ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Blaxploitation Films And Chappelle s Show 1633 Words à |à 7 PagesWeekly Writing 3 Throughout history, American society has famously taken advantage of non-European cultures and traditions for their own entertainment. Major media companies, colleges, and athletic organizations have famously exploited the cultures and stereotypes of Native Americanââ¬â¢s and African Americans for the sole purpose of profit and increased entertainment value. In American society, there has been the era of ââ¬Å"Blaxploitation filmsâ⬠in which African Americanââ¬â¢s society was shown through raunchy
Tax Evasion the Black Economy Free Essays
string(191) " has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black\." TAX EVASION It is the general term for efforts by individuals, corporations, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability and includes in particular dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned or overstating deductions. Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy and one measure of the extent of tax evasion is the amount of unreported income, namely the difference between the amount of income that should legally be reported to the tax authorities and the actual amount reported, which is also sometimes referred to as the tax gap. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Evasion the Black Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tax avoidance, on the other hand, is the legal utilization of the tax regime to oneââ¬â¢s own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Both tax evasion and avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance, as they describe a range of activities that are unfavorable to a stateââ¬â¢s tax system, though such characterization of tax avoidance is suspect, given that avoidance operates lawfully, within self-creating systems Smuggling Smuggling is importation or exportation of foreign products by unauthorized means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband items. A smuggler does not have to pay any customs duty since the products are not routed through an authorized customs port, and therefore are not subjected to declaration and payment of duties and taxes. Ten countries with the largest absolute levels of tax evasion per year. It is estimated that global tax evasion amounts to 5 percent of the global economy. During the latter half of the twentieth century, value added tax (VAT) has emerged as a modern form of consumption tax through the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from the consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. The US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT; the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the federal level (the Goods and Services Tax) and sales taxes at the provincial level; some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and pay the tax on items purchased in another jurisdiction. This means that those consumers who purchase something in a lower-taxed or untaxed jurisdiction with the intention of avoiding VAT or sales tax in their home jurisdiction are in fact breaking the law in most cases. Such evasion is, especially, prevalent in federal states like the Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions have the constitutional power to charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria for example, some local states enforce VAT on each goods sold by trader. The price must be clearly stated and the VAT distinct from the price of the good purchased. Any act by the trader contrary to this (like including VAT in the price of the goods) is punishable as attempting to syphoning the VAT. Borders between tax districts in the same nation usually lack the resources to enforce tax collection on goods carried in private vehicles from one district to another, so states only pursue sales and use tax collection on high-value items such as cars. Government response The level of evasion depends on a number of factors, one of them being fiscal equation. Peopleââ¬â¢s tendency to evade income tax declines when the return for due payment of taxes is not obvious. Evasion also depends on the efficiency of the tax administration. Corruption by the tax officials often render control of evasion difficult. Tax administrations resort to various means for plugging in scope of evasion and increasing the level of enforcement. Corruption by tax officials Corrupt tax officials cooperate with the tax payers who intend to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting in return for illegal gratification or bribe. Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in a huge number of underdeveloped and southern European countries. Level of evasion and punishment Tax evasion is a crime in almost all developed countries and subjects the guilty party to fines and/or imprisonment. In Switzerland, many acts that would amount to criminal tax evasion in other countries are treated as civil matters. Dishonestly misreporting income in a tax return is not necessarily considered a crime. Such matters are handled in the Swiss tax courts, not the criminal courts. In Switzerland, however, some tax misconduct is criminal, for example, deliberate falsification of records. Moreover, civil tax transgressions may give rise to penalties. It is often considered that extent of evasion depends on the severity of punishment for evasion. Normally, the higher the evaded amount, the higher the degree of punishment. BLACK ECONOMY / BLACK MARKET Is the economy in which illegal goods are traded. Du e to the nature of the goods traded, the economy itself is forced to operate outside the formal economy, supported by the established state power. Typically the totality of such activity is referred to with the definite article as a complement to the official economies, by market for such goods and services, e. g. ââ¬Å"the black market in bush meatâ⬠. The black market is distinct from the grey market, in which commodities are distributed through channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer, and the white market, the legal market for goods and services. Worldwide, the underground economy is estimated to have provided 1. 8 billion jobs. Background The literature on the black market has avoided a common usage and has instead offered a plethora of appellations including: subterranean; hidden; grey; shadow; informal; clandestine; illegal; unobserved; unreported; unrecorded; second; parallel and black. You read "Tax Evasion the Black Economy" in category "Essay examples" This profusion of vague labels attests to the confusion of a literature attempting to explore a largely uncharted area of economic activity. There is no single black economy; there are many. These black economies are omnipresent, existing in market oriented as well as in centrally planned nations, be they developed or developing. Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Five specific underground economies can be identified: 1. Illegal Economy 2. Unreported Economy 3. Unrecorded Economy 4. Informal Economy 5. Criminal Acts 1. ILLEGAL ECONOMY The ââ¬Å"illegal economyâ⬠consists of the income produced by those economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes defining the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and prostitution. 2. UNREPORTED ECONOMY The ââ¬Å"unreported economyâ⬠consists of those economic activities that circumvent or evade the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code. A summary measure of the unreported economy is the amount of income that should be reported to the tax authority but is not so reported. A complementary measure of the unreported economy is the ââ¬Å"tax gapâ⬠, namely the difference between the amount of tax revenues due the fiscal authority and the amount of tax revenue actually collected. 3. UNRECORDED ECONOMY The ââ¬Å"unrecorded economyâ⬠consists of those economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules that define the reporting requirements of government statistical agencies. A summary measure of the unrecorded economy is the amount of unrecorded income, namely the amount of income that should (under existing rules and conventions) be recorded in national accounting systems (e. g. National Income and Product Accounts) but is not. Unrecorded income is a particular problem in transition countries that switched from a socialist accounting system to UN standard national accounting. New methods have been proposed for estimating the size of the unrecorded (non-observed) economy. But there is still little consensus concerning the size of the unreported economies of transition countries. 4. INFORMAL ECONOMY The ââ¬Å"informal economyâ⬠comprises those economic activities that circumvent the costs and are excluded from the benefits and rights incorporated in the laws and administrative rules covering property relationships, commercial licensing, labor contracts, torts, financial credit and social security systems. A summary measure of the informal economy is the income generated by economic agents that operate informally. The informal sector is defined as the part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal economy. In developed countries the informal sector is characterized by unreported employment. This is hidden from the state for tax, social security or labor law purposes but is legal in all other aspects. On the other hand, the term black market can be used in reference to a specific part of the economy in which contraband is traded. Pricing Goods acquired illegally take one of two price levels: They may be cheaper than legal market prices. The supplier does not have to pay for production costs or taxes. This is usually the case in the black economy. Criminals steal goods and sell them below the legal market price, but there is no receipt, guarantee, and so forth. They may be more expensive than legal market prices. The product is difficult to acquire or produce, dangerous to handle or not easily available legally, if at all. If goods are illegal, such as some drugs, their prices can be vastly inflated over the costs of production. Black market can form part of border trade near the borders of neighboring jurisdictions with little or no border control if there are substantially different tax rates, or where goods are legal on one side of the border but not on the other. Products that are commonly smuggled like this include alcohol and tobacco. However, not all border trade is illegal. Prostitution Prostitution is illegal or highly regulated in most countries across the world. These places form a classic study of the black economy, because of consistent high demand from customers, relatively high pay, but labor intensive and low skilled work, which attracts a continual supply of workers. While prostitution exists in every country, studies show that it tends to flourish more in poorer countries, and in areas with large numbers of unattached men, such as around military bases. Prostitutes in the black market generally operate with some degree of secrecy, sometimes negotiating prices and activities through codewords and subtle gestures. In countries such as the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal but regulated, illegal prostitutes exist whose services are offered cheaper without regard for the legal requirements or proceduresââ¬â health checks, standards of accommodation, and so on. In other countries such as Nicaragua where legal prostitution is regulated, hotels may require both parties to identify themselves, to prevent the rise of child prostitution. Weapons Fire Arms trafficking The legislatures of many countries forbid or restrict the personal ownership of weapons. These restrictions can range from small knives to firearms, either altogether or by classification (e. g. caliber, automation, etc. ), and explosives. The black market supplies the demands for weaponry that cannot be obtained legally, or may only be obtained legally after obtaining permits and paying fees. This may be by smuggling the arms from countries where they were bought legally or stolen, or by stealing from arms manufacturers within the country itself, using insiders. In cases where the underground economy is unable to smuggle firearms, they can also satisfy requests by gunsmithing their own firearms. Those who may buy this way include criminals to use for illegal activities, gun collectors, and otherwise law abiding citizens interested in protecting their dwellings, families or businesses. Illegally logged timber Illegally logged timber is a huge problem. According to interpol, the illegal logging industry is worth almost as much as drug production industry, in some countries. Animals and animal products Ivory trade / Wildlife trade In many developing countries, living animals are captured in the wild and sold as pets. Wild animals are also hunted and killed for their meat, hide, organs, â⬠¦ Organs and other animal parts are sold for use in traditional medicine. Alcohol / Tobacco It has been reported that smuggling one truckload of cigarettes from a low-tax US state to a high-tax state can lead to a profit of up to $2 million. The low-tax states are generally the major tobacco producers, and have come under enormous criticism for their reluctance to increase taxes. Biological Organs Trade Organ trade is the trade involving inner organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc. ) of a human for transplantation. There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation, yet trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. The problem of organ trafficking is widespread, although data on the exact scale of the organ market is difficult to obtain. Whether or not to legalize the organ trade, and the appropriate way to combat illegal trafficking, is a subject of much debate. Software piracy Street vendors in countries where there is scant enforcement of copyright law, particularly in Asia and Latin America, often sell deeply discounted copies of films, music CDs, and computer software such as video games, sometimes even before the official release of the title. A determined counterfeiter with a few hundred dollars can make copies that are digitally identical to an original and suffer no loss in quality; innovations in consumer DVD and CD writers and the widespread availability of cracks on the Internet for most forms of copy protection technology make this cheap and easy to do. How to cite Tax Evasion the Black Economy, Essay examples
Competitive Advantage In Business As Well â⬠Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Discuss About The Competitive Advantage In Business As Well? Answer: Introduction The essay demonstrates the essentiality of influencing the buying behaviour, which can allow the companies to generate more sales revenue and gain a competitive advantage in business as well. The major factors that are responsible for influencing the behaviours of consumers and how the business organisations utilise the research activities for their marketing strategies have been illustrated here as well (Baker, 2014). Key factors that influence the consumer behaviour The consumers' behaviors are influenced by four major factors such as psychological factors that include motivation, perception of customers regarding a particular brand product, management of values and beliefs, etc., personal factors like age, occupation, lifestyle, personality, social factors including roles and status of individuals and lastly the cultural factors that include the culture, social class systems, etc. The social class structures create an impact on the norms, values and beliefs and allow people to make a decision while purchasing a product (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). One of the theories that resulted in influencing the social class is the trickledown effect where the people present in the lower social classes embrace the behaviours of consumers in the upper class. The consumers present in the lower class often lack proper knowledge and expertise to make decisions, and in such cases too, the upper class plays a major role in influencing their behaviours (Hair Jr Luk as, 2014). Another important factor that influences the consumer behaviour is the income of individuals. The individuals who earn more have better flexibility to make judgments while purchasing. The blue-collared consumers have higher incomes than the white collared consumers, and thus they have higher social status, which also impacts their behaviours during the purchase of a products or service. Occupation of individuals is responsible for income generation along with the proper knowledge that can be gained with the help of education level (Hollensen, 2015). Education level helps individuals to obtain information about the things that they are going to purchase, so it is essential for influencing their behaviours, potential of income and patterns of spending. The other factors influencing consumer behaviours are family background, social interactions, areas where they live, etc. The masculinity and fashion consumption also influence consumer behaviours and determines the success and achieveme nt of something, avoiding feminine things, focus more on being dominant and aggressive, etc. Men are more time conscious, have less patience and focus on completing the shopping activities within less time (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). Thus the quality of products and convenience while purchasing products and services. Materialism is another major factor that determines the needs of physical products by individuals and can influence the consumer behaviours. The involvement of customers with the brand and the brand image and value offered can even create a positive mindset among customers and influence their buying behaviours (Wilson et al., 2012). Ways by which companies utilize research in this area for their own marketing strategies The key factors influencing the consumer buying behaviours are assessed by the business organisations to conduct a research and develop proper marketing strategies. This could help in managing manifestation of the market, allow every market segments to consume products in good numbers and ensure that the companies generate good amounts of profit in business. The materialism enables the customers to consume the products based on their status and level of knowledge regarding the products and services delivered by the business organisations (Baker, 2014). The consumers who buy more have the most positive attitudes and behaviours, and this can also influence the consumer buying behaviour. The better the quality of products and services are, the easier it becomes for influencing the behaviours of consumers. The present economic conditions in the market such as a positive economic condition within the business environment can make the customers become more confident and change their mindse t regarding the purchases made (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). The purchasing power of consumers also enhances their ability to buy products and services with ease and effectiveness. Conclusion The essay was created for understanding the major factors that had driven the buying behaviours of consumers in the market. It could be seen that the economic conditions within the market, brand engagement, quality of products and services along with lifestyle, status, income and occupation of individuals had been responsible for influencing the consumer buying behaviours. It was even seen that the factors were analysed to design proper approaches and strategies of marketing and ensure that the business flourish rapid References Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2012).Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Hair Jr, J. F., Lukas, B. (2014).Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jobber, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill./p
Thursday, April 30, 2020
To Clone Or Not To Clone Essays - Biology, Cloning,
To Clone or not to Clone The discovery of cloning can be both beneficial and harmful to society. There are many reasonable methods of cloning. For instance, the use of cloning for medical purposes can be helpful in taking human DNA and creating new body parts. Because of the shortage of donors, this could become a valuable asset to our society. Cloning of human body parts can also be harmful if it gets into the wrong hands. Cloning should be controlled by the government to the extent there is no possible way it will be misused. Cloning in the field of medicine could have practical applications. For example, genes from humans that produce necessary proteins could be included in the animal DNA so that the animal would produce that protein in its milk or blood. That protein could then be extracted and used in treatment for various human diseases or disorders. This could lead to the prevention and/or cure for AIDS and cancer. Genetic defects could also be cured with cloning technology. A genetic defect is a mutation in which the DNA has been altered and caused an abnormality in the body. People who wish to have a child could be tested for possible mutations in the DNA, and a genetic solution could be created and injected into the still developing egg. Mutations are natural, but when an abnormality occurs its a hard thing for a person to live with. Through cloning technology, genetic defects could be treated enabling the person affected the possibility of longer life. When transplants are needed, it could give p hysicians the ability to create body parts through DNA. For example, a kidney can be grown outside the body using the patients own DNA and used in a transplant without the fear of rejection. Although correcting genes and creating body parts is good, I think it would be harmful for a human to be cloned. For instance, a child that is born from a cloned embryo would have a picture taken of him/her, along with a description of the child and placed in a sales catalog. The prospective parents could choose the child they want, order its embryo, and implant it into the womans womb. After nine months the couple would have their dream child. Another instance from human cloning could be that a black market for embryos would arise. In this situation infertile couples could buy a frozen cloned embryo that was stolen or was to be discarded in order to have a child. Human cloning could also be harmful in the decline of genetic diversity. If everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone? We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Moral issues could also raise questions that cloning does n ot respect that humans have souls and we are taught to believe each one of us is unique. I think the discovery of cloning is very interesting but, also has many unanswered questions. There are things that need to be sorted out such as, Who can use cloning? and How it will be controlled? It would be terrible to think that the wrong people would abuse such a discovery.
Tuesday, April 14, 2020
Colorado College Block Plan Essay Examples
Colorado College Block Plan Essay ExamplesColorado College Block Plan Essay Examples can be very helpful to you when it comes to answering your college planning questions. A Block Plan Essay Sample will allow you to clearly outline the events that need to take place in your college planning.When it comes to student's projects, it's much easier to just hand down instructions and let the student do the rest. However, that's not how it usually goes down. If you have any problems, block plan essay samples are there to give you an idea on how to go about the planning and writing process.One of the things that you'll find in block plan essay examples is the sentence structure. All of the sentences should be consistent and flow from the other. You should also learn how to use them to get a proper feel for what the college is going to look like.The last thing that you will notice is the general writing style of college students. You want to make sure that you feel comfortable with it as much as possible. You should never write an essay in the middle of a midterm, you will want to put your time into this project and not waste it.As a reminder, while it is a very important part of your College Block Plan Essay Examples, you don't want to feel like you're repeating yourself or doing too much. If you have an idea about what the project is for, use it.College students always change their grades and assignments. If you don't know what your next assignment will be or if you haven't done it yet, it is always a good idea to test your knowledge of this by doing a paper in class before moving on to something else.Knowing when to say when is something that every college plan you come across is going to require you to keep up with. Every one of them has a deadline for each assignment. The majority of these deadlines are not only in class, but outside of class as well.These College Block Plan Essay Examples will help you see what type of college you would like to go to. It may be di fficult at first, but once you get the hang of it, the writing will start to come easy. You can finish them off with a reading comprehension test later on in your senior year.
Saturday, March 21, 2020
Traditional Forms of Dress Essay Example
Traditional Forms of Dress Essay Example Traditional Forms of Dress Paper Traditional Forms of Dress Paper Clothing has long ago ceased to be just a protection from the cold and the sun and has evolved as fast as the human race. Animals show off bright colours to attract others at mating time and the human animal too has found it necessary to flaunt his or her looks. To help us to do this, since we have neither features nor fur, we have clothes as an excellent substitute.Ã Just like cultivation, clothes have evolved differently in different countries. So each country has its own traditional clothes. Usually clothes start out as being practical and later evolve as fashions. Clothes too develop according to cultures and, especially, religious beliefs. In countries where women are expected to be modest in dress, they cover themselves more. In other cultures there are no rules. In come societies where being practical in order to survive is the main rule, minimum clothing is emphasized for both men and women. But one thing stands out; traditional dress is usually graceful and says a lot about the history and cultures of the people. Most traditional clothes are graceful; at least cultures of the wearers. Most societies in the world want to maintain their cultures. In countries where many cultures prevail because of migrant communities like Singapore, there is fervour to preserve all the cultures when the word culture is mentioned, almost without exception clothes take a leading position. It is common to see clothes of bygone eras being exhibited in museums as examples of culture. Along with dancing, art and language clothes are one of the visible aspects of a culture. If we agree that tradition must be preserved then, traditional clothes must be preserved. The two can be said to be inseparable. Preserving tradition, on the other hand, does not mean that we should always wear them. The tendency today is to adopt clothes from other societies if they are more convenient: for example, the worker in India who has been wearing the white clothing for centuries, when doing outdoor work now finds that jeans, that great American creation is much more convenient. In fact, he probably wonders how his ancestors ever worked in clothes. But this does not in the least mean that he has given up clothes and begun to wear jeans- far from it; out of work he still wears the traditional clothing. So we have a good example of tradition being maintained while being practical about clothes. There are certain occasions when it is more practical to wear clothes from other countries, usually western clothes and it would be simply to insist otherwise. Then, again, as it is important to preserve traditional clothes there are certain other occasions when traditional clothes will be ideal. There are also certain occasions when traditional clothes are a must. There are occasions like weddings and other cultural functions when the graceful traditional clothes will add colour and gaiety to the occasion. In Singapore, it is permissible to wear ones ethnic traditional clothes to even the most formal function, even at the presidential palace. However, it turns out that only the ladies will appear in traditional clothes at such functions. This is no wonder as theirs, all our cultures are truly magnificent whereas, for some inexplicable reason, gentlemens clothes are plain and simple. Men wearing the traditional clothes beside their ladies are likely to appear like servants. Hence, it is common to find ladies adorned in traditional clothes while the gentlemen are in smart tuxedos; so much for preserving traditional clothes. The argument could be: preserving them need not mean wearing them.Ã Preserving traditions is akin to preserving the soul of a society. They take centuries to evolve and represent milestones in the evolving of a culture. Traditional clothes take the leading position when it comes to maintaining traditions and this is most welcome.
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
Properties and Functions of Money
Properties and Functions of Money Money is an important feature of virtually every economy. Without money, members of a society must rely on the barter system, or some other exchange program, in order to trade goods and services. Unfortunately, the barter system has an important downside in that it requires a double coincidence of wants. In other words, the two parties engaged in a trade must both want what the other is offering. This feature makes the barter system highly inefficient. For example, a plumber looking to feed his family would have to search out a farmer who needs plumbing work done on his house or farm. If such a farmer were not available, the plumber would have to figure out how to trade his services for something that the farmer wanted so that the farmer would be willing to sell food to the plumber. Luckily, money largely solves this problem. What Is Money? In order to understand much of macroeconomics, its crucial to have a clear definition of what money is. In general, people tend to use the term money as a synonym for wealth (e.g. Warren Buffett has a lot of money), but economists are quick to clarify that the two terms are not, in fact, synonymous. In economics, the term money is used specifically to refer to currency, which is, in most cases, not an individuals only source of wealth or assets. In most economies, this currency is in the form of paper bills and metal coins that the government has created, but technically anything can serve as money as long as it possesses three important properties. The Properties and Functions of Money The item serves as a medium of exchange. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be widely accepted as payment for goods and services. In this way, money creates efficiency because it eliminates uncertainty regarding what is going to be accepted as payment by various businesses.The item serves as a unit of account. In order for an item to be considered money, it must be the unit that prices, bank balances, etc. are reported in. Having a consistent unit of account creates efficiency since it would be pretty confusing to have the price of bread quoted as a number of fish, the price of fish quoted in terms of t-shirts, and so on.The item serves as a store of value. In order for an item to be considered money, it has to (to a reasonable degree) hold its purchasing power over time. This feature of money adds to efficiency because it gives producers and consumers flexibility in the timing of purchases and sales, eliminating the need to immediately trade ones income for goods a nd services. As these properties suggest, money was introduced to societies as a means of making economic transactions simpler and more efficient, and it mostly succeeds in that regard. In some situations, items other than officially designated currency have been used as money in various economies. For example, it used to be somewhat common in countries with unstable governments (and also in prisons) to use cigarettes as money, even though there was no official decree that cigarettes served that function. Instead, they became widely accepted as payment for goods and services and prices began to be quoted in the number of cigarettes rather than in official currency. Because cigarettes have a reasonably long shelf life, they do in fact serve the three functions of money. One important distinction between items that are officially designated as money by a government and items that become money by convention or popular decree is that governments will often pass laws stating what citizens can and cannot do with money. For example, it is illegal in the United States to do anything to money that makes the money unable to be further used as money. In contrast, there are no laws against burning cigarettes, aside from those banning smoking in public places of course.
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